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KLUGE'S

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY.

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in 2007 with funding from

Microsoft Corporation

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ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIOMKY

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GERMAN LANGUAGE.

FRIEDRICH KLUGE,

PROFESSOK IN THE UNIVERSITt OF JENA.

TRANSLATED FROM THE FOURTH GERMAN EDITION

JOHN FRANCIS DAVIS, D.Lit., M.A.

LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS.

NEW YORK: MACMILLAN & CO., 1 12 FOURTH AVENUE.

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TEANSLATOK'S PEEFACE.

In preparing an English edition of Professor Kluge's famous work, the Trans- lator has aimed at making the book as easily comprehensible to English students as the original work is to Germans. To this end he has given the chief meanings of all the German words, some of which are rather obscure, and are not to be found in any German-English Dictionaries hitherto published. In assigning the equivalents to the words quoted from foreign languages, great care has been taken to give as closely as possible the corresponding English mean- ing to the words. In all cases of doubt, the Translator has consulted English, French, and German Dictionaries of foreign languages, such as —

Sanscrit (Monier Williams).

Greek (Liddell and Scott ; Pape).

Latin (White and Riddell ; Lewis and Short ; Smith ; Georges).

Gothic (Skeat).

Anglo-Saxon (Toller ; Bosworth ; Leo).

Middle English (Stratmann).

Icelandic (Cleasby).

Old High German (Graff ; Schade).

Middle High German (Miiller ; Lexer).

Lithuanian (Schleicher's Handbook).

Dutch (Calisch).

Swedish (Helms).

French (Sachs; Clifton and Grimaud; Littre; Brachet; Fleming and

Tibbins). Italian (Ferrari; Baretti).

Spanish (Neumann and Baretti ; Lopes and Bensley). Welsh (Pugh).

A few misprints and errors in the order of words of the German edition have been corrected, but they are not of sufficient importance to be specially mentioned.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

On the completion of the present work, it is to me a pleasant duty to express my thanks to all those who have rendered its execution possible, and have helped to give it its new shape.

I might have mentioned, under the separate words, those scholars who have discovered any etymological data bearing upon the vocabulary of our mother- tongue ; the vast extent of etymological literature deterred me, however, from doing so. There is no Teutonic scholar or linguist of any repute who has not by his researches either helped to determine the etymology of some German word or actually settled it. It would have been an extremely toilsome and yet useless task to give the name of the discoverer of the etymology of each word ; and how frequently have several scholars at the same time deserved credit for clearing up the history of a word. 0. Schade, in his " Old German Dictionary," has with untiring industry collected materials from the copious literature for the older period, and has received the thanks of specialists. I could not expect that those who may use my book would wade through the numerous errors and occasional imperfections of scientific investigation in order to form their own opinion on the evolution of particular words. By foregoing such a plan I obtained space, in spite of the limited compass to which this book was confined, to describe pretty fully the actual development of the word itself.

If my attempt to give a brief, clear, and connected view of the history of each element of our vocabulary has been in any degree successful, a great part of the credit is due to the men who have watched over the germs planted by the great founders of our philology, and have in the course of the last twenty years made them bloom anew. In their foremost ranks I view with pleasure those whose academical instruction I was permitted to enjoy, and others who in friendly intercourse have taught me much and stimulated me in my work. The fact that some of them too have testified their kindly, helpful sympathy with the new edition has been highly grateful to mc, in the interest of the subject I have at heart.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

I have also received, since the first appearance of my work, encouragement in various ways, even from anonymous and unknown readers of this book, who have made communications to the author respecting dialectic, etymological, and other pertinent facts. Much of it has proved useful for the new edition. Moreover, all reasonable objections of critics have been duly considered. In particular points the book has gained much by the notices of Herren Birlinger, Franck, and Hager; and a detailed, critical letter of my Swedish friends, Prof. A. Noreen and Dr. E. Brate, has placed in the most liberal manner at my disposal nume- rous valuable improvements and new combinations. For dialectic communica- tions I am indebted to Herren W. Gordack of Konigsberg and F. Holthausen of Gottingen, and especially to Prof. Hermann Fischer of Tubingen, who gave me access to his rich stores of Swabian dialectic materials. For the Jewish-German words which the book contains Prof. Euting of Strassburg placed materials at my disposal. Valuable connecting details, for which I had to resort to the liberal help of specialists, I owe to Herren K. von Bahder, O. von Bohtlingk, P. von Bradke, B. ten Brink, K. Brugmann, S. Bugge, C. Cappeller, H Fischer, W. Franz, F. Holthausen, A. Horning, H. Hiibschmann, R. Kohler, Th. Nbldeke, K. Schorbach, O. Schrader, R. Thurneysen, B. Wheeler, and E Windisch.

I have been especially helped and cheered by the liberal sympathy of Pro- fessors A. Leskien of Leipzig, W. Meyer of Jena, H. Osthoff of Heidelberg, and E. Sievers of Halle. They have with praiseworthy liberality made over to me for publication very many new investigations of importance, and have also, by their corrections, objections, and retrenchments, given to many articles a greater fulness and completeness.

For the careful extension and completion of the old Index, the author is much indebted to Herr Vincent Janssen of Kiel, who will very shortly publish independently complete Indexes to this book.

For all the stimulus and sympathy, help and encouragement, I have received in the old as well as in the new edition, I beg to express my most sincere thanks.

F. KLUGE.

Strassburg, July 1883. Jena, October 1888.

INTRODUCTION.

It cannot be denied that the study of German etymology is held in less esteem among us, and is pursued with less zeal, than that of French. This fact is not sur- prising ; for how easily the results of Romance philology can be made evident to a man of classical training, who has in Latin the chief source, and in his own native German the most important subsidiary source of French entirely under his com- mand ! And what gratification there is in viewing through the medium of etymology, well-known words in a new light !

If German etymology could be built up to the same extent as French, from the materials furnished by the better known civilised languages, it would certainly have long ago evoked the same appreciation as is now shown for French. But the perception of historical connections is made more difficult when the earlier stages of the language are not so accessible as Latin is for the history of Romance words. A scientific knowledge of German etymology rests upon facts, whose coherence can only be explained by going beyond the limits of the chief civilised languages. It is impossible, however, for the student to go so far back, unless all the difficulties are smoothed and explained, and all the necessary details for ascertaining the history of a word are placed before him. In investigating a German word, we cannot and must not stop at Middle High German, the only earlier stage of our mother-tongue with which every educated man has some acquaintance ; and even Old High German, the oldest literary period of German, is not, except in a very few cases, sufficient for the needs of the etymologist who knows how to appreciate the importance of philology in acquiring a knowledge of the history of the German language.

It is these pre-historic periods of German that furnish the indispensable foun- dation for etymological inquiry. Not until we have obtained an insight into the difference between the High German and Low German system of consonants can we determine the relations of a German word to its Teutonic cognates ; not until we have thoroughly mastered the relations of the Gothic consonants to those of the allied Aryan languages are we able to understand the comparison of a word with its Greek and Latin cognates. To explain the earlier stages of develop- ment in German, and to throw light upon them as a chief means of ascertaining the history of a word, is the task of historical grammar. The etymologist must, if he wants to produce conviction, presuppose a general knowledge of the main crises in the history of our mother-tongue.

To the scientific acquisitions of the present century we owe the knowledge of a primary period of the history of the German language, which is authenticated by no other record than the language itself. The literary records of the old Hindus, unlocked to the learned world at the end of the last century, led to the pregnant

viii INTRODUCTION.

discovery that the Teutons, several millenniums before our era, spoke one and the same language with the ancestors of the Hindus and Persians, the Greeks and Albanians, the Italics and Kelts, the Slavs and Armenians, a fact which clearly proved that they were descended from the same tribe. The primitive seat of those tribes, which, in conformity with the utmost limits of the settlements of their descendants, have been designated Indo- Teutons, Indo- Kelts, and also Indo- Euro- peans, was the South of Europe, or more probably Asia.

Scientific investigation, which has been endeavouring for more than half a century to unlock the common source of their language from the later records of the various Aryan tribes, bestows on it the highest praise for its wealth of forms, the development of which has been traced by German grammarians in our mother- tongue down to the present day. The vocabulary of this primitive speech is proved by some of its offshoots to have been exceedingly rich, and at the same time capable of extension ; but its fundamental perceptions and ideas were limited. The fact that it expressed the most necessary relations and wants of life has made it the treasury from which the various Aryan languages have drawn their supply of words. Of this old hoard German too has preserved no small a portion, even down to the present time.

Compare our terms for expressing degrees of relationship with those of the allied languages, and these words, with slight divergences in sound, or with unchanged significations, will be found in the whole of the Aryan group. Of course the stock of such terms was far greater than we might suspect from the few which have remained to us. At one time we had, e.g., various designations for ' mother's brother ' and ' father's brother' (comp. Df)cim and better with Lat. avun- culus and jmtiiius), for 'father's sister' and 'mother's sister' (comp. AS. faftu and mAdrie with Lat. amita and matertera). This implied wealth of pre-historic terms for degrees of kinship can be only understood by us as existing at a time when our ancestors lived together in clans as shepherds and nomads. When with the changing years the more fully developed relations of kinship lost the old inherited terms, how seldom have alien designations attempted to oust the native words, and how seldom with success ! Compare Dufel and Xante with 93atcr and 2J?utter, ©ruber and Sdjivejicr, Dljetm and SWidjme, Diejfe and 9ttd?te, better and S3afe, (£djn>a()et and ©djuneger, <Sd)tmt and <&$) n?ager.

The terms for expressing kinship, whose unimpaired vigour we see in German, are, in combination with the numerals up to a hundred, an infallible indication of the Aryan origin of a language. Thus German testifies also by its old inherited numerals its close relation to the allied languages. Moreover, the designations of parts of the body are specially characteristic of all Aryan tongues. If German in its later development has lost many of them (comp., e.g., OHG. gebal, ' skull,' equiv. to Gr. K«f>dkr], under OHefrel), yet it preserves in most cases the old inherited words; Jpirn, D(ir, 23raue, 9iafe, 3af)it, £ate, 33ug, SldJfef, 9lrm, ©He, 91agcl, Jfnie, Qfttj?, gel! recur sometimes in one, sometimes in several of the allied languages. The knowledge too of natural history was displayed in the primitive speech by some essential words. Of the mammals, apart from the domesticated animals (see 93iet), Jtitft, Dd)\t, ^mib, geljteit, 9tefj, and <Sd)af), only a few destructive quadrupeds, such as 5Udf and 2Waug, 5Mbev and &afe (see also Sdr), have been transmitted to German from that primitive linguistic period. The names for birds and trees are, however, but rarely common to several languages of the Aryan group (see 9lar, .Rranidj, SSirfe, gofj", Sicfjte, and

INTRODUCTION. ix

33ud)e). Of inanimate nature also the primitive people had only a limited percep- tion ; few names for the periods of the day and the year were coined, and, as might have been expected, the circle of their religious ideas was narrow. Only the German words 9iad)t, 9JJonat, and ©omntcr have corresponding terms in several allied tongues ; the two old Aryan gods of light, Dieus and Aus6s, have left their final traces in Alemannic 3te3tag and in German Dftent.

There is a further rich supply of isolated words in our mother-tongue inherited from the primitive stock. They relate chiefly to the most simple and natural expressions, needs, and activities of life ; jlefyeit, gcljeit, cffen, becfen, fdjiMfcen, tiarft, jung, ueu, »of(, fuf, mitten, burr, &c, are derived from the primitive speech. In moral conceptions our mother- tongue inherited the stems of Swunb and geitib, liefon and fyaffen, l)abern and ttugett from the old vocabulary.

With the division of the primitive Aryan people into tribes, which may have been caused by religious and political dissensions, or perhaps only by the constant increase in number, and with the migration of these tribes from their primitive home, the Teutonic language may be said to begin. The old materials partly sufficed for the constant growth of perceptions and ideas. Old words received a new shade of meaning ; the root (Sans, mf) for 'to die ' acquired the signification of 'murder'; ' the dear, the cherished one ' became ' the freeman ' ; ' to follow ' came to mean ' to see ' (fcljen) ; ' to split ' was extended into ' to bite ' (be iflcit), and ' to persist,' ' to stride,' were developed into ' to live ' (teben) and ' to mount ' (fteigen). Derivatives from existing stems assumed characteristic significations ; in this way ©ett, Jfeiiig, Jtinb, fd)6n, and 9Boge originated. On the other hand, we note the loss of old roots, which in other Aryan groups developed numerous cognates ; the roots j)6, ' to drink,' and do, ' to give,' which we recognise in Lat. potare and Gr. Treiraica, and in Lat. dare and Gr. Si'&a/it, have completely disappeared in Teutonic. Of other primitive roots we find in Teutonic only a few slight relics nearly disappearing, some of which will in course of time vanish altogether. The root ag, ' to drive ' (in Lat. ago, see Slrfer), the root an, ' to breathe' (in Lat. animus and Gr. uvf/ios), the root glw, ' to live' (in Lat. vivere, see querf), have never had in Teutonic, during the period of its independent development, such a wide evolution as in Latin and Greek. In the case of such words, when the idea is a living one, the term that supplants them already exists before they die out ; in fact, it is the cause of their disappearance. Occasionally, however, we find in the Teutonic group characteristic word stems, which we look for in vain in the sphere of the allied languages, although they must once have existed there too in a living form. Such primitive stems as Teutonic alone has preserved may be at the base of tunfen, gefcen, fiird)ten, fcdjtcit, ffiefyen, tyalteii, <fcc. Other roots peculiar to the Teutonic languages may owe their existence to onomatopoetic creation during the independent development of Teutonic ; such are perhaps Uiitgen and niefeit.

Only such a pliancy of the primitive speech could keep pace with the higher intellectual development which we must assume for the progress of the Teutonic group after the first division of dialects. The capacity of our race for development is sufficient, even without the assumption of foreign influences, to account for the refinement and development of the conditions of life among the Teutons during the second period of the primitive history of our language. The growing susceptibility to the external world resulted in the extension of the sphere of the gods, the contact with foreign nations led to a refinement of social life, and with both these the

INTRODUCTION.

conception of propriety grew up. What an abundance of new ideas and words, which were foreign to the primitive speech, had now to be evolved !

In fact, we find among the Aryans but a slight agreement in the designations of ethical ideas ; gut and libel, utilb and org, l;clb and treu, are specifically Teutonic ; Stbcl, Gbe, and fd)woren have no exact correspondences in the remaining Teutonic languages, ©ctt, £immef, ^cllc, Grbe, as well as SBoban (see 2But), greia (see frti), and £enar (see tenner), owe their existence to the special religious development of the Teutons, while we find the belief in elfish beings (see (5(f) even in the Vedas.

It is true that this increase does not altogether suffice to characterise the develop- ment of the languages of the Teutonic group. If we assign the year 2000 b.c. as the latest date for the Aryan division of dialects, the second period of the history of th German language would end with the beginning of our era. This interval of two thousand years, at the end of which we assume the development of the consonant and vowel forms peculiar to Teutonic, as well as the settlement of the Teutons in Germany, has no well-defined divisions with prominent characteristics ; but the later evidence of the language indicates in this pre-historic period so many points of con- tact with civilised nations as would in historic times probably be regarded as form- ing a new epoch.

The Teutonic tribe, with the western group of nations of the Aryan stock, had left its eastern home as a pasturing people. Evidence in the language itself subse- quently shows us these people with their flocks on the march. The term tageweide, current in Middle High German, could exist as a measure of length only among a race of shepherds in the act of migrating ; only nomads could count their stages by periods of rest (0?aficu). That the great stream of Aryan tribes poured through the South Russian lowlands (the Italics and Kelts had shown them the way) is antece- dently probable, and this theory is finely illustrated by the history of the word Jpanf. Here we see the Teutons in contact with a non-Aryan people in the south of Russia ; and so, too, the foreign aspect of the Teutonic word <2itber (comp. (Srbfe also) testifies to the pre-historic contact of our ancestors with people of a different race, whose origin can unfortunately no longer be determined. We suspect that its influence on the Teutons and their language was manifested in a greater number of loan-words than can now be discovered.

On the other hand, the emigrant Aryans, whom we find at a later period in our part of the world, and whose languages were differentiated only gradually from one another and from the primitive speech, were led by constant intercourse to exchange a large number of terms expressive of the acquisitions of civilisation, which the individual tribes would perhaps have acquired only after a longer independent development. Numerous words are peculiar to the European Aryans, which we seek for in vain among the Indians and Persians. They relate chiefly to agriculture and technical products, the development of which did certainly not take place at the same time among all the European peoples belonging to the Teutonic stock. Occa- sionally the language itself bears witness that correspondences in the languages spoken by the Western Aryans are due only to the adoption of words by one people from another (see ndfyen). Thus the stems of old words such as fden, ntaljlen, mdljfn, and ntclfen, whose Aryan character is undoubted, will not necessarily be regarded as genuine Teutonic, since they may have been borrowed from a kindred people.

The evidence of language, which alone gives us a knowledge of the primitive contact of the Teutons with foreign and kindred people, is unfortunately not full

INTRODUCTION.

enough, and not always transparent enough, to furnish sufficient material for a clear view of these pre-historic events. It is generally acknowledged that the intercourse with the neighbouring Slavonic people took place in the second period of the history of the German language. For the influence of the Kelts upon the Teutons, Slmt and 3Reid) afford valuable testimony, which at the same time shows what decisive results can at times be obtained from language itself. We have in the term to>clfi§ the last offshoot of the Teutonic word Walk (borrowed from the Keltic tribal name Volcae), by which the Kelts were formerly designated by the Teutons.

The name by which the Teutons called themselves is unfortunately lost to us Our learned men have therefore agreed to use the Keltic term which was customary among old historians, and which, according to the testimony of the Venerable Bede, was applied in England to the immigrant Anglo-Saxons by the Britons even in the 8th century. The national character of the Teutons and the type of their language were for a very long period after the division into tribes the same as before. In the last century before our era, when numerous Teutonic tribes became known to the ancient world, we have not the least evidence to show that the lan- guage had branched off into dialects. The same may be said of the time of Tacitus ; but his account of the genealogy of the Teutonic tribes seems to have some connec- tion with divisions into dialects, recorded at a later period.

The linguistic division of the Teutons into an Eastern group, comprising Goths and Scandinavians, and into a Western, including the English, Frisians, Saxons, Franks, Bavarians, Swabians, and Alemannians, is generally regarded as undoubted. The evidence of language goes, however, to prove that a close connection exists only among the West Teutonic tribes ; and unless Tacitus' ethnogony includes all the Teutons, his group of tribes, comprising the Ingaevones, the Erminones, and the Istaevones, are identical in fact with the Western division. The permutation of consonants and the development of the vowel system, which we assume to have been effected before the beginning of our era, were the chief characteristics of all the languages of the second period ; but the most important factor in the develop- ment of West Teutonic was the uniform attrition of the old final syllables. With the operation of this law in West Teutonic begins the decay of the old inherited forms, most of which were lost in the third period. The German language is now entering upon a stage of development which had been reached by English some centuries ago.

But in spite of this loss of forms, the language retains its old pliancy in undi- minished force ; after independent words, even in the second period, had been transformed into suffixes and prefixes, the language still possessed new elements which were ready to replace what had been lost. Moreover, the same forces operate in the later history of the vocabulary as in the primitive Teutonic period.

Thus West Teutonic has preserved the stems of old words, which in Gothic and Scandinavian have either died out or have fallen more or less into the background ; gcljen, fteljen, tfjun, Bin, fcdjten, jievben, as well as 93nfen, Dbfi, genet, grog, &c, are the essential characteristics of a West Teutonic language. Other words, such as 9lad?bur, clcitb, gefunb, Stfeffer, #etrat, and 9tad)Hgalf, owe their existence to later composition. But, above all, the absence of numerous old words, preserved by Gothic or Scan- dinavian, is a main feature of the West Teutonic group. But this is not the place to adduce every loss and every compensation which has diminished and re-shaped the old elements in the sphere of languages most closely allied to German.

xii INTRODUCTION.

The pre-Old High German period— the third period of our mother-tongue, which is not attested by literary records — has, however, acquired its distinctive features by new contact with the languages of civilised nations, which added new elements to the existing material : above all, the contact with the Romans resulted in an ex- change of productions and contrivances. However fond we may be of overrating the influence of Latin on the West Teutonic languages, yet it cannot be denied that it materially widened the most various spheres of ideas.

Words which point to active commercial intercourse, such as SKunje and *Ffunc, ©trajje and SWcite, tftfte and Sacf, ©fel and $fau, were made known in the pre-High German period, probably even in the first century a.d., to our forefathers both mediately and immediately by the Romans. Contemporaneously with these the Latin nomenclature of the culture of the vine was naturalised in Germany in the words Skin, 2»cfi, Saucr, JMter, and Sridjter. Not much later a rich terminology, together with the Roman style of building, was introduced ; SKaiier, better, ©oiler, <gpctd)er, hammer, SBeifyer, 3iegct, $feiler, ^fojlen, $rW> and numerous other cognate ideas, evidently bear the stamp of a Latin origin. The adoption of the Southern method of building in stone, however, brought about a transformation of the entire domestic life. When a migratory life is exchanged for a permanent settlement, the example of a highly civilised people cannot fail to furnish abundant material for imitation. We are not surprised, therefore, to find in the language itself the influ- ence of even Roman cookery and of Roman horticulture before the Old High German period ; JlodE>, Jtiid)e, <2<$ufiel, J?cffc{, 93ecfen, SifdJ, (Sfjig, <Senf, ^feffcr, Jtcfyf, ^flanje, {Rettig, Miixtis, Jttimmcl, J?irfd)e, $firfxc&, ^fiauute, Dttitte, gcicje, &c, testify how ready the German of that period was to extend his knowledge and enrich his language when he exchanged the simple customs of his ancestors for a more luxuriant mode of life.

It would, of course, be a too hasty assumption to explain such Southern alien terms (a few Keltic words such as carrus, carruca, and paraverediis, see barren, J?urd), and $fevb, were introduced through a Roman medium) from the importation of products and technical accomplishments which were unknown to our ancestors till about the beginning of our era. We have indubitable reasons, supported by the extent of the Teutonic exports to Rome, and not merely linguistic reasons. We know from Pliny's Natural History that the Teutons furnished effeminate, imperial Rome the material for pillows by the importation of geese ; eoque processere deliciae ut sine hoc instrumento durare jam ne virorum quidem cervices possint. This suggests to the historian of languages the connection of the Latin origin of ^fawtt, tfijfett, and ^fufyt with Pliny's account ; our ancestors adopted the Latin designation for the articles which the Romans procured from Germania, Thus our $ful?( with its cognates attests the share Germania had in the decline of Rome.

With Greece the Western Teutons have had in historical times — the word 9lr$t does not prove much — no immediate contact producing any influence on the German language. It was really the Romans who made known to the new conquerors of the world the name of that nation which at a subsequent period was destined to affect our development so powerfully. But the settlement of the Goths in the Balkan peninsula (their latest descendants were the Crimean Goths, who died out about the beginning of the last century) had such an influence on the Western Teutons that they have left traces even in our mother-tongue ; the first knowledge of Christianity spread from them among the other Teutons. Our oldest supply of loan-words bearing on the Christian religion belongs to Greek terminology, which never existed in the

INTRODUCTION.

Roman Church ; the words birdie and *J5faffe, <Sam3tag and spftnjtag, we undoubtedly owe to Greek influence, through the medium of the Arian Goths ; and probably the same may be said of (Sngel and £eufe(, S9ifcr)of and *Pftngjkn. The connection between the German tribes and the Goths, which we think can be recognised in other words expressive of religious ideas, such as £cibe and taufcn, lasted till the 7th century ; the Alemannians were until the year 635 a.d. under the dominion of the Gotbs. Orthodox Christianity of the Middle Ages, which supplanted Arianism, was no longer in a position to reject entirely the naturalised terminology, and thus our mother-tongue has preserved down to the present day some expressions of Gothic- Arian Christianity.

All the words that Romish missionaries introduced into German also evidently bear the stamp of a later linguistic period. Not until the development of the peculiar system of sounds in High German — a new permutation of consonants divided from this point High German from Low German— does the influence of Romish Christianity begin to express itself in the language. From the end of the 8th century our mother-tongue remained for more than two hundred years in the service of religious literature. It is the period in our history in which literary records appear, and during that time High German was greatly influenced by Romish Christianity. A large number of Latin words was naturalised among us ; for ecclesiastical offices and dignities, for ecclesiastical rites and appurtenances, we adapted the current terms consecrated by the official language of the Church, such as *pricfter, SPvobji, 2lbt, 3JJond>, Syenite, <Stgvijr, Jtfiftev, SRefiner, 2flejfe, geicr, fegnen, prebtgcn, faficicn, Mrbammen, -ftreuj, Jfelcf), Drgcf, SUtur, <fcc. The unceasing pliancy of our language is attested by the fact that some German words were constructed on the model of the Latin, such as Scidjte, from confessio, ©e»atter, from compater, @en>iffen, from conscientia. The Church brought learning with a new nomenclature in its train ; contemporaneously with the ecclesiastical Latin words, ©djirte, fdjmben, Xinte, 93rief, received among us the rights of citizenship.

While the Old German vocabulary was enriched by such materials, there existed a store of words which is dying out in the literary language, and is prolonging to some extent its semi-conscious life in the old popular songs. At the same time the terminology of war receives a new impress ; old words for ' combat,' such as gund, hilti, badu, hadu, disappear as independent words, and leave behind indistinct traces only in proper names, such as ©iintfycr and §ebung. Words such as mark (see SWdfyre), and ©er, 9iecfe, and SEciganb have been brought down as archaic terms to the Middle High German period.

With the rise of chivalry the old German terms applied to war must, as may be imagined, have undergone transformation ; as it was French in its essential charac- ter, it also introduced French loan-words among us. French influence, which first made itself felt in Germany about the year 1000 a.d. (the word fein is, perhaps, the earliest loan-word of genuine French origin), has never ceased to operate on our language. But it reached its zenith with the introduction of chivalry, as it did once again at the time of the Thirty Years' War. It is therefore not to be wondered at that words relating to war and the court, such as Sauje, (Solbat, Q3atafl, Jfajhfl, Xurnicr, Slbcnteucr, have been borrowed from the French vocabulary in exchange, as it were, for the stock of Teutonic words connected with war which passed some centuries earlier into French (comp. French auberge, gonfalon, marechal, heraut under £cvberge, $al)iic, SWavfdjaK, and Revolt). Moreover, courtly and fashionable words, such as fofteit, licfern, prtifen, and prtifen have also passed into Germany.

xiv INTRODUCTION.

When the linguistic influence of the West had reached its culminating point, Slavonic began to make itself felt on the German Eastern marches. As it was due to neighbourly intercourse among the border tribes, it was at first insignificant and harmless. But several words which came to light in this way, such as £elmftf<fe, ©ren^e, Jhrotmct, $ettfd?e, ^etfdjaft, and <Sdjcp$, gradually won for themselves from the 13th century a place in the language of our literature.

These are in their main features the facts of those periods of the history of the German language whose material has furnished the essential contents of the present work. In those periods lie the beginnings of most of the words whose origin demands a stricter etymological investigation.

LIST OF ABBBEVIATIONS.

abstr. = abstract, ace. = accusative adj. = adjective, adv. = adverb, adverb. = adverbial. Alem. = Alemannian. Amerie. = American. Arab. = Arabic. Armen. = Armenian. Armor. = Armorican. AS. = Anglo-Saxon.

Bav. = Bavarian. Bohem. = Bohemian. Bret. = Breton. Burg. =Burgundian.

causat. — causative.

Chald. = Chaldean.

Chin. = Chinese.

class. = classical.

collect. = collective.

comp. = compare.

conj. = conjunction.

con jug. = conjugation.

contr. = contracted.

Corn. = Cornish.

CrimGoth. = Crimean Gothic.

Cymr. = Cymric.

Dan. = Danish.

dat. = dative, declen. = declension, denom. = denominative, dial. = dialect, dialectic, dimin. = diminutive. Dor. = Doric. Du. = Dutch.

E. = English. E Aryan = East Aryan. East Tent. = East Teutonic. Egypt. = Egyptian. e-qmv. = equivalent. Europ. = European.

f. = feminine. Finn. = Finnish. Fr. = French.

Franc. = Franconian. frequent. = frequentative. Fris. = Frisian.

Gael. = Gaelic. Gall. = Gallic, gen. = genitive. Goth. = Gothic. Gr. = Greek.

Hebr. = Hebrew. HG. = High German. Hung. = Hungarian.

Ic. = Icelandic Ind. = Indian, indeclin. = indeclinable, infin. = infinitive, inflect. = inflected, instrum. = instrumental, intens. = intensive, inter j. = interjection, interr. = interrogative, in trans. = intransitive. Ion. = Ionian. Ir. =s Irish. Ital. = Italian.

Jew. = Jewish.

Kelt. = Keltic.

Lapp. = Lappish.

Lat. = Latin.

Lett. = Let tic.

LG. = Low German.

lit. = literal(ly).

Lith. — Lithuanian.

Lom bard = Lombard ic.

Lower Rhen. = Lower Rhenish.

m. = masculine. MidDu. = Middle Dutch. MidE. = Middle English. MidG. = Middle German. MidGr. = Middle Greek. MidIIG. = Middle High German. MidLat. = Middle Latin. Mid LG. = Middle Low German. ModDu. = Modern Dutch.

xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
ModE. = Modern English.	prep. = preposition.
ModFr. = Modern French.	pros. = present.
ModGr. = Modern Greek.	pret. = preterite.
ModHG. = Modern High German	prim. = primary.
ModIc. = Modem Icelandic.	primit. = primitive(ly).
ModLG. = Modern Low German.	pron. = pronoun.
ModTeut. = Modern Teutonic.	pronom. = pronominal.
Mongol. = Mongolian.	prop. = properly. Proven. = Provencal.
n. =: neuter.	Pruss. = Prussian.
naut. = nautical.
nom. = nominative.	redup. = reduplicated .
Norw. — Norwegian.	refl. = reflexive.
num. = numeral.	Rom. = Romance.
	Russ. = Russian.
0 Aryan = Old Aryan.
OBulg. =01d Bulgarian.	8. = singular.
ODu.= Old Dutch. OFr.= Old French. OFris. = Old Frisian. OHG. = 01d High German. OIc. = Old Icelandic.	Sans. = Sanscrit. Sax. = Saxon. Scand. = Scandinavian. Scyth. = Scythian. Sem. = Semitic.
OInd. = 01d Indian. OIr. = Old Irish. OKelt.= Old Keltic. OLat. = Old Latin. OLG. = 01d Low German.	Serv. = Servian. Slav. = Slavonic. Slov. = Slovenian Span. = Spanish, str. — stron^.
onomat. = onomatopoetic.	subst. = substantive.
OPers. = 01d Persian.	Suff. = Sllffix.
OPruss. = Old Prussian. ord. = ordinal.	super. — superlative. Swab. = Swabian.
or ig. = original (ly).	Swed. = Swedish.
OSax. = Old Saxon.
OSlav. = Old Slavonic.
OSlov.= Old Slovenian.	Teut. = Teutonic.
OTeut. = Old Teutonic.	Thrac. = Thracian.
	trans. = transitive.
partic. = participle, perf . = perfect. Pere. = Persian.	Umb. = Umbrian. UpG. = Upper German.
Phcen. = Phoenician.
Pied. = Piedmontesc.	vb. = verb.
plur. =plural. Pol. = Polish.	voc.= vocative.
Port. = Portuguese.	W.= Welsh.
poss. = possessive. Prak. = Prakrit.	West Sax. = West Saxon.
West Teut. = West Teutonic.
pref . = prefix.	wk. = weak.

An asterisk (*) signifies that the form adduced is only theoretical.

KLUGE'S ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY.

tCt, tCtd), a frequent suffix in the formation of the names of hrooks and rivers (or rather the places named after them) ; on the whole, :<\fy (Uvaefc, €teuiacfy, ©aljad), Ototacf), (Scfjivaqact)) is more UpG, sa more MidG, and LG. (gnlba, SBevra, <Sd)n?aqa) ; from OHG. aha, 'running water,' Goth. ahwa, ' river ' (for details see 2lu), whence also the names of the rivers Sla (Westph.), Di)t (Hesse).

Jlctl, m., 'eel,' from the equiv. Mid HG. OHG. dl, m., a term common to the Teutonic dialects ; comp. OIc. dll, AS. tie', E. eel, Du. aal (allied perhaps to Sllaut i.). No original affinity to the equiv. Lat. anguilla, Gr. ?7x«Xw, U possible, for the sounds of the Teut. words differ too much from it ; even from *anglu-, OHG. al or AS. ml could not he deri ved. Besides, th ere is no hereditary stock of names of fishes possessed in common by Teut. and Gr. and Lat. (see gifd)). — Jlalraupe, f., 'eel-pout' (also called Slatquappe, see Gitappe), an eel- . like fish, originally called 9iaupe merely ; in MidHG. rUppe, OHG. rAppay as the Mid HG. rutte (the equivalent and parallel form) indicates, tlie base of the word is probably supplied by the Lat. ruJbita, from which, through the Teut. custom of dis- placing the accent in borrowed words (see Slbt), we get r&beta, and then, by the assimilation of the consonants through syncope of the intermediate e, the forms mentioned ; names of fishes borrowed in OHG. from Lat. rarely occur. See Guayye.

Jlcnr, m., from the equiv. MidHG. ar, OHG. aro, bl, ' eagle ' ; a prim. Teut. word, which has also cognates outside the Teut. group. Comp. Goth, ara, OIc. are, m., 'eagle' ; further OIc. qrn, OHG, MidHG. urn (to which is allied ModHG. Slrnolb, OHG. .lra/ioft. orig. sense 'eagle-guardian'), AS. earn, 'eagle,' Du. arend, 'eagle' ; pri-

marily cognate with OSlov. orllu, Lith, er&is, ' ea^le,' Gr. 6pvts, ' bird,' Corn, and Bret. er. W. eryr, ' eagle.' See Slbler.

Jlcts, n., from the equiv. MidHG., OHG. and OLG. ds, n., ' carcase, carrion' ; comp. the equiv. AS. ties; allied to ejfen.

ab, adv., also a prep, in older ModHG. (hence the modern abbanben, lit 'from the hands,' as well as Swiss patronymics like ?lb bet glid). Sib bev £alb), 'off, away from,' from MidHG. abe, ab, prep., 'down from, away from, off,' adv., ' down,' OHG. aba, prep., 'away from, down from here,' adv., 'down.' Corresponding to Goth, af (ab), prep., 'down from there, from' (also adv.), MidDu. af, ave, OLG. af, equiv. to AS. of, E. of j orig. cognate with Gr. dir6, Sans. dpa, ' away from.' Of course phrases like ab ^amburo, do not contain the OG. prep., but are due to incorrect Latinity ; since the 17th century commercial language has adopted Latin expressions.

JtbCttb, m., ' evening,' from the equiv. MidHG. Absnt (dbunt) ; OHG. dband, m. ; corresponding to OSax. dband, Du. avond, AS. tiefen,1 evening,' whence E. eve ; also the deriv. AS. tiefning, E. evening (comp. morning) ; OIc. aptann; similarly Goth, andanahti, orig. sense 'forenight,' and sagqs, lit. • setting.' The SEurop. term corresponding to Gr. tartpos, Lat. vesper, is non-Tent (comp SQ3efl and 2Binter). A verb abm (ecben), ' to grow dusk,' adduced from the Swiss dialects to explain Slbcitb, can be none other than a later derivaiive of Sibenb. Moreover, Slbenb (base Sp-) can scarcely be connected with ab (base apo), as if Slbenb were the waning period of the day. According to old Teut notions, the evening was regarded rather as the beginning of the following day. See (Boiutabenb and gufhtacfjf.

Jlbcnfcuer, n., 'adventure,' from Mid

Aber

( 2 )

Ach

UQ.dventiure, f, 'occurrence, a marvellous, fortunate event, a poem on such a theme, sources of the court poets ' ; the latter is derived from Fr. aventure (MidLat. adventuw, allied to MidLat and Horn. advenire, 'to happen').

abet, adv. and conj., ' hut, however,' from MidHG. aber (aver), abe (ave), adv. and conj., 'again, once more, on the con- trary, but' ; OHG. abur, uvar, adv. and conj. with both meanings ; to this OHG. avardn. ' to repeat,' ModHG. (UpG.) afern is allied. Comp. Goth, afar, prep., ' after,' adv., ' afterwards,' OIc. afar, 'very,' in compounds ; the word does not occur in Sax. dialects, but its deriv. OSax. abaro, AS. eafora, 'descendant' (comp. Goth, afar, 'afterwards'), exists. It is probably related to ab and its cognates ; comp. further Sans, dpara, ' the later,' apardm, adv., 'latterly, in future,' apart, 'future.'

aber, &ber, adj. (UpG), dfer (Franc), 'free from snow, laid bare'; from the prim, form *dbar, dbiri (dfiri) ; orig. cognate with Lat. aprieus, ' sunny.'

^Iberglcmbe, m., 'superstition,' first occurs in early ModHG. (15th cent.) ; since Luther it has made its way into ModHG. ; orig. a LG. word (comp. Sflbebar, 2>emut), as the vowel-sounds indicate. LG. aber, for over, ober, points to OLG. *otar- giltibo (Du. overgeloof), 'superstition,' which is formed after the model of Lat. superstitio; comp. Dan. overtro, Sw. ofvertro, but also in MidLG. btgeldve, Du. bijgeloof.

(thermal, adv., first occurs in ModHG, for the equiv. MidHG. aber, 'again, once more,' formed with the suffix mat

Jlberrauf e, f., ' southern-wood,' a cor- ruption of Lat-Gr. abrotonum (Fr. aurone), due to its supposed connection with (Jtaute ; see also (Sbtifc.

JlbcrttJtfj, m., 'false wit, craziness,' from MidHG. aberwitze, abewitze, ' want of understanding,' from MidHG. abe, ' away from,' as in MidHG. abegunst, ' envy, jealousy.'

abgcfcimf, see %tim.

^Ibgoff, m., 'idol,' from MidHG. and OHG« abgot, n., ' idoi, idolatrous image' ; note the retention of the older gender of ©ctt as late as MidHG. ; comp. Goth. afgups, 'godless' (antithesis to gaguj>s, 1 pious ') ; hence ?ll\jett is properly ' false god ' ; see Jlbetwifc.

Jlbgrurto, m., ' abyss, precipice,' from

MidHG. abgrunt, m., most frequently ub- griinde, n., OHG. abgrunti, n., 'abyss,' pro- perly ' declivity ' ; comp. Goth, afgrundipa, j., ' abyss.'

ablctrtft, adj., ' oblong, oval,' first occurs in ModHG., formed on the model of Lat. oblongus.

Jlblafi, m., ' sluice, remission,' from MidHG. abld}, m., OHG. dbld$, n., 'in- dulgence, remission, pardon ' ; comp. Goth. dfUts, m., ' remission, pardon.' allied to af-letan, ' to remit, pardon,' OHG. ob-ldftan.

abxnurk fen, see meiufyln.

Jlbfeife, f., ' wing, aisle,' from MidHG. apsite, f., ' the domed recess of a church,' a corruption of MidLat. and OHG. absida (Gr. dv/'/s), ' vault,' due to its supposed con- nection with site, ' side.'

abfpenfllQ, adj., 'alienated, disaffected,' first occurs in ModHG., from OHG. spen- sttg, 'seductive,' allied to OHG. spanst, ' allurement ' ; see under ©efpenfl and ttnbm fpettjtifl.

Jlbf, m., 'abbot,' from the equiv. Mid HG. apt, abbet, abbdt, OHG. and MidHG. abb&t,m.; comp. Du. abt,A&. abbod(w\ih an abnormal d), and less frequently abbot, E. abbot. Borrowed with a change of accent in OHG. from MidLat. abbdt- (nom. sing. abbas), ' abbot' ; coin p. Ital. abdte, Fr. abM, Olr. ahb, ace. abbaith. It will be seen under Jtreuj that in words borrowed from Lat the stem of the oblique cases as well as the noinin. often forms the base ; with regard to the ecclesiastical terms borrowed in OHG. comp. among others SRcucfy, 91onnc, $avft, $riejhr, $robft.

jlbfet, f., 'abbey,' from MidHG. aptei, abbeteie, OHG. abbateia, f., 'abbey' (for *abbeiaX), formed from MidLat. abbatia, under the influence of OFr. abbaie, and based upon abbdt.

abfrttttttig, adj., from the equiv. Mid HG. abetriinnec (ahetriinne), OHG. aba- irunntg, adj., ' recreant ' ; orig. sense, ' he who separates himself from,' for trennen contains the same stem. Comp. also OHG. anttrunno, 'fugitive,' MidHG. triinne, 'a detached troop.'

,Jlb3Ucbt, f., 'drain, sewer,' first occurs in ModHG., germanised from Lat. aquae- ductus (whence also Swiss Slften, ' conduits'). See Slnfcaudjf.

ad), interj., 'ah ! alas !' from MidHG. ach, OHG. ah; to this is allied MidHG. and ModHG. 9ld), ah, n., ' woe,' and its deriv., which first occurs in ModHG., dcfcjnt,

Ach

( 3 )

Ade

orig. sense, ' to utter Slcfy ' (formed like ifyrjen, butjen).

Jldjcti, m., ' agate,' from MidHG. achdt, achdtes, equiv. to Gr-Lat. achates.

Jld)c, Rhen. for JJladjeit.

Jld)ef, see &f>re.

ttdjcltt, Jew., ' to eat,' from Heb. &khdl, * to eat.'

Jldjfe, f., 'axle, axis,' from the equiv. MidHG. ahse, OHG. ahsa, f. ; comp. Du. as, AS. tax, f., E. axle (even in MidE. eaxel-tree occurs, E. axle-tree), with de- riv. /, like OIc. o'xull, m., 'axle'; Goth, *ahsa, or rather *ahauls, is, by chance, not recorded. The stem ahsd-, common to the Teut. languages, from pre-Teut. aksd, is widely diffused among the Aryan tongues ; it is primitively related to Sans. dl:Sa, in., Gr. &Zuv, Lat. axis, OSlov. ost, Lith. aszis, 'axle'; the supposition that the Teut. cognates were borrowed is quite unfounded ; comp. 9kb. The orig. sense of Aryan alcso- remains obscure ; with the root ag, 'to drive,' some have connected Lat. ago, Gr. &yu. See the following word.

.Jlcfyfel, f., 'shoulder,' from the equiv. MidHG. ahsel, OHG. ahsala, f. ; comp. AS. eaxl, OIc. qxl, f., 'shoulder'; Goth. *ahsla, {., is wanting. It is probable that the Teut. word is connected with the O. Aryan Slcbje ; Lat. axilla (Olr. oxal), 'arm-pit,' and dla, 'arm-pit, wing,' are also cognate with it. In OTeut., Goth. *ahsla (Aryan *aksld) has a still wider family, since forms with Teut. 6, Aryan d in the stem belong to it; comp. AS. 6xn, 6cu- sla, ' arm-pit,' and OHG. tiohsana, MidHG. iiehse, uohse, f., 'arm-pit,'Du. oksel,' shoulder.'

ctdjt, num., 'eight,' from the equiv. MidHG. ahte, OHG. ahto, common to the Teut. and also to the Aryan groups. Comp. Goth, ahtau, AS. eahta, E. eight, Du. acht, OSax. ahto ; further, Sans. aStdu, Gr. <J*cti6, Lat. octo, Olr. ocht, Lith. asztunl, prim. Aryan okt6, or rather okt6u, ' eight' Re- specting acfyt $age see the historical note under iflacfyr.

$d)f , f., ' outlawry, ban,' from MidHG. dhte, ahte, f., 'pursuit, proscription, out- lawry, ban ' ; OHG. dhta (AS. 6ht), f., ' hos- tile pursuit.' Goth. *dhtjan. • to pursue,' is wanting. Comp. OSax. dhttan, AS. ihtan (from anhtjari), ' to pursue.' Teut *aflhtian, ■ to pursue,' and *a»ht6, ' pursuit,' seem to be based on a non-dental root, which is perhaps connected with the cognates of tng (Aryan root angh).

arf)tcn, vb., ' to have regard to, esteem, value,' from MidHG. ahten, OHG. aht6», ' to heed, ponder, take care ' ; allied to MidHG. ahte, OHG. ahta, f., ' heed, paying attention.' Comp. Du. achten, AS.eahtian, 'to ponder'; also with deriv. I, OIc. oztla (Goth.. *ahtil6n), 'to suppose, think.' It is based upon a Teut. root ah, ' to sup- pose, think ' ; comp. Goth, aha, ' under- standing,' ahjan, ' to believe,' ahma, ' spirit' The Aryan root ak is widely diffused, yet no other language coincides with the signi- fication of the Teut. cognates.

cufytev, LowG. for after.

$djfertt>afTer, 'back-water.' See under Sifter.

cidjaett, vb., see ad).

.Jlcuer, m., 'field, arable land,' from the equiv. MidHG. acker, OHG. accliar (ahhar), m. ; a common Teut. and OAryan word corresponding to Goth, akrs, m., AS. ozcer, E. acre (aker), Du. akker, OSax. ukkar. Teut. *akra-z, m., from pre-Teut. agro-s ; comp. Sans, djra-s, m., ' pasture-ground, plain, common,' Gr. &yp6s, Lat. ager (stem a9r°-)> ' field.' It is certainly connected with the Ind. root aj, 'to drive' (comp. Xrijt, allied to tretben), Lat. ago, Gr. &yu, to which in OIc. aka, 'to drive,' was allied. " Thus djra- signifies in the widest sense ' field and common,' orig. as ' pasture- land,' the greatest part of which, when tillage supplanted the rearing of cattle, was used for crops." The transition in meaning was, probably, completed on the migration of the Western Aryans to Europe ; moreover, the root ar, ' to plough, till,' is West Aryan ; comp. Gr. ip6w, Lat. arare, Goth, arjan, OHG. erian, OBulg. orati, ' to plough.' See Slrt.

Jlbcbctf, m. (Holland, ooijevaar), a Low G. name for the stork, MidLG. odevare, MidHG. odebar, OHG. odobero (in Old Ger. times the term was, moreover, prevalent in Germany). No certain explanation of the word can be given ; it is most frequently interpreted as ' bringer of children, of good luck' (comp. 9l(lob). Respecting the LG. vowel-sounds see 9lbervjlaube.

Jloel, ni., ' nobility,' from MidHG. adel, in., n., ' lineage, noble lineage, noble rank, perfection,' OHG. adal, n. (and edili, n.), ' lineage, esp. noble lineage ' ; correspond- ing to OSax. atSali, n., 'body of nobles, notables, nobility,' Du. adel, AS. atSelu, n. plur., ' noble birth,' OIc. atSal, ' disposi- tion, talent, lineage.' In Goth, the stem

Ade

( 4 )

Ahn

<tji (by gradation 6}>) is wanting ; to it belong OHO. ttodil, n., ' patrimony, home ' (ModHG. Wti^.from OHO. UodulrMi or Ublanb, from Uodal-lant), OSax. ffiil, AS. itiel, m., 'patrimony, home.' Hence the fundamental idea of the Teut. root ap, hy gradation 6}> (from Aryan &ty, seems to he ' by transmission, inheritance.' The aris- tocratic tinge evinced by the WestTeut cognates is not remarkable when we con- sider the early period ; only the patrician had a 'family' ; genealogies of nobles (in old documents) reach back to the OTeut. period ; the names beginning with Slbct are primitive, SllfonS, influenced by Bom. from OHQ. Adalfuns, Adalheid, Adalberaht, Slbolf, from Atha-ulf; also the deriv. OHG. Adalung. See too SlHcr, ebcl.

Jlber, f., 'vein,' from MidHG. dder, OHG. Mara, f., ' vein, sinew,' correspond- ing to MidLG. ader, ' vein, sinew,' Du. ader, AS. ckdre, f., 'vein ' (rarely &Sr), OSw. apra, ModSw. ddra; also without the deriv. r, OIc. ctiSr (the r is simply a nomin. suffix), f., ' vein ; ' the Goth, cognate ip is not found. The pre-Tent. it- has been con- nected with Gr. 1/Top, 'heart,' fjrpov, 'abdo- men,' and here it must be recollected that MidHG. and MidLG. dder in the plur. may signify ' bowels.'

Jlofor, m., ' eagle,' from MidHG. adel-ar (also adel-arn), m. ; prop, a compound, 'noble bird of prey.' It is noteworthy that 2lat in ModHG. is the nobler term, while Slblcr serves as the name for the species without any consciousness of its origin from 3lDcl and Slar. OHG. *adal-aro appears by chance not to be recorded. Corresponds to Du. adelaar (besides arevd).

afcrtt, vb., ' to repeat,' an UpG. word ; MidHG. atferen, OHG. afardn. See under obcr.

jt*ff, suffix used to form names of rivers (Criajf, OHG. Eril-affa, gftaff, OHG. Asc- affa), and of places (esp. in Franc, and Hess., comp. J&oneff), allied to which -ep, p (also Westpli.), occurs as an unchanged LG. form, e.g. in 8eimc|». The base *apa is Kelt, (equiv. to Lat. aqua, ' water,' Goth. ahtra, 'river').

,Jlffc, m., 'ape, monkev,' from the equiv. MidHG. affe, OHG. affo, m. ; also in OHG. the feminine forms affa, affin, affinna, ' female ape.' A word common to the Teut. group, unrecorded by chance in Goth, alone, in which, by inference from OIc. ape, AS, apa, E. ape (whence Ir. and Gael.

apa), Du. anp, the form must have been *apa. Facts and not linguistic reasons lead to the conclusion that a/xin- is a primitive loanword with which OBuss. opica, OBoh. opice, is connected, and through commer- cial intercourse reached the Teutons by some unknown route. On account of the assonance it is very often referred, without sufficient reason, to Sans, kapi (Gr. kjJtoj), 'ape' ; at all events, it is certain that no word for Sljfe common to the Aryan, or even to the West Aryan, group does exist.

JlffoHer, m., 'apple-tree.' See 9lpfd.

Jljff ev, m., ' buttocks, backside,' from MidHG. after, OHG. aftaro, m., 'funda- ment, anus'; lit. 'the back part,' from MidHG. after, OHG. aftar, adj., 'behind, following' ; akin to Goth, aftana, ' from be- hind,' A S. after, E. after ( LG.and Du. achter), Goth, aftra, ' back, again.' It is certainly allied to Goth, afar, 'behind,' and the cog- nates discussed under afccr. — Sifter; in com- pounds is lit. ' after,' whence the idea of 'counterfeit, baseness'; comp. MidHG. aftersprdche, 'slander, backbiting,' after- wo>t, 'calumny'; the older meaning, ' after, behind,' is preserved in ModHG. ?lftermtete, smufe, met. Note too Suab. (even in the MidHG. period) aftermoiitag for ' Tuesday.'

Jlftlci, f., from the equiv. MidHG. agleie, OHG. ageleia, f., ' columbine,' which is de- rived from Lat. aquilegia, whence too the equiv. Fr. ancolie, Du. akelei.

Jll)Ie, f., from the equiv. MidHG. die, OHG. dla, f., 'cobbler's awl.' To this is allied the equiv. OHG. deriv. dlvmsa, dlansa, f. (with the same suffix as <Senj>) ; prop, alesna (Swiss alesne, alsne), whence the Bom. cognates — Span, alesna, Ital. lesina, Fr. aline, 'awl,' are borrowed ; comp. Du. (Is, 'awl' (from *alisna), AS. chl (in the Orkneys alison), OIc. air, ' awl.' The consonance with Sans, aid, f., 'punch, awl,' points to an O Aryan word ; there existed also a widely ramified Aryan root to designate articles of leather. See Sauiu and ©aide.

affmen, vb., in nad)u^mett, which is wanting in MidHG. and OHG. ; from the equiv. MidHG. dtnen, ' to measure a cask, gauge,' figuratively ' to estimate,' from Mid HG. and MidLG. dme, ' ohm ' (cusk = about 40 trails.). See Cljm.

Jlrjn, m., 'grandfather, ancestor,' from MidHG. ane (collateral modified form ene), OHG. ano, m., 'grandfather' ; akin to the

Aim

( 5 )

Ala

Alem. dimin. &fjni, ' grandfather.' Further ModHG. ?U)tte, MidHG. ane, OHG. ana, f., ' grandmother.' To these are allied Mod HG. Urafytt, MidHG. urane, urene, OHG. *urano, m., great-grandfather'; in OHG. alt-ano, altar-ano (for the force of ur* in Uratyne see vx-). The class is peculiar to G., being foreign to the remaining Teut. dialects ; comp. also (Snfel — really a dimin. form — which belongs to it. There is no doubt that Lat. anus, * old woman,' is a primit. cognate. Perhaps the Teut. mas- culine name OHG. Anelo (AS. Onela, OIc. Ale) is allied to it.

afjnoen, vb., ' to punish,' from MidHG. anden, OHG. antdn, anaddn, 'to punish, censure,' allied to OHG. anto, anado, m , ' in- sult, embittered feeling, anger.' It corre- sponds to OSax. ando, ' exasperation, anger,' AS. anda, onejxi, ' zeal, vexation, hatred,' whence andian, ' to be angry ' ; moreover, Goth, preserves in uz-anan, 'to die,' the root an, ' to breathe, respire, snort,' which appears in these words. Comp. OIc. ande, m., 'breath, spirit,' qnd, f», 'breath, soul' ; and also AS. iSian, ' to breathe' (implying Goth. *anj)j6n), AS. orup, ' breath' (Goth. *uzanj?), orpian, ' to breathe,' OIc. $rendi, ' breathlessness.' The root an, preserved in all the cognates, is OAryan, and means ' to breathe ' ; comp. Lat. animus, anima, Gr. &v€/j.os, connected with the Aryan root an, 'to breathe, respire.'— af;ufcen, vb., 'to forebode ' ; see afynen.

Jlf>ttC, f., ' boon ' (of flax or hemp), from MidHG. dne, older ayene, f., ' chaff' ; OHG. or/ana, f., ' chalf ; ' also AS. *agon, agne,Mid E. awene, E. awns, Goth, ahava, Olc. qgn, ' chaff.' In these cognates two really dif- ferent roots seem to have been blended in various ways ; the meaning 'chaff' would be applicable to the one, just as the exact Gr. correspondent &xvV, ' chaff, foam ' (of the sea), likewise points to Aryan aghnd (comp. besides Gr. &xvP0V, ' chalf '). The other is perhaps lit. 'prickle, awn,' and belongs to the root ali (Aryan ak) ; see

af)ttett, vb., ' to forebode, suspect,' from MidHG. anen, ' to foresee, forebode,' foreign to the older period and to the rest of the Teut. dialects ; it has been connected with the OAryan root an, ' to breathe, respire,' 60 that it may be a primit. cognate of al)tt- beit, under the influence of which it also appears in ModHG. as aljufcen. It is better, however, to regard it as a derivative of

the prep, an; allien, lit. 'to befall, seize, attack' (properly said of ghosts or visions).

ttf)ttitd), adj., from the equiv. MidHG. dneltch, OHG. dnagilih (*dnallh), adj., ' similar.' It corresponds to Goth, dnaleikd, adv., ' similarly ' ; from the OTeut. (Goth.) prep, ana (see an) and the suffix lid) ; see gleic&

$Ijoro, m.. 'maple,' from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. dhorn, m., the d of which is inferred from the Swiss dial. ; comp. Du. ahorn. It is primit. allied to Lat. deer, n., 'maple' (Gr. &kcl<ttos) and Gr. dKara\Ut ' j uniper berry.' The G. word, at all events, cannot be regarded as borrowed from Lat. Foranother old name see under SWapljclbcr.

Jlf)rc, f., ' ear ' (of com), from the plur. of MidHG. eher, OHG. elrir, aldr, n., ' ear ' (of corn) ; corresponds to Du. aar, AS. ear (from *eahor), E. ear. As the derivative r standsforan older s, Goth. ahs,n. (gen. alisis) and OIc. ax (also S\v. and Dan.), 'ear' (of corn), are identical with it ; so, too, OHG. ah, ' ear ' (of corn). Comp. besides OHG. ahii, ModHG. 9ld?ct, ' prickle, spike ' (of corn), (with regard to the ch, comp. Bav. ddjer, ' ear of com,' AS. and Northumb. cehher), AS. egle, 'spikes' (of corn), E. ails, eils ' beard of wheat or barley,' LG. (in Brockes) (Site, 'spike '(of corn), Goth. *agij>1 Comp. also Slfyne. The Teut. root ah, which consequently, specially means ' spike, ear' (of corn), agrees with Lat. acus (gen. aceris), n., ' corn-prickle.' It may be said generally that a root, ah, with the primary meaning ' pointed,' is very widely developed in the Ayran group ; comp. Gr. Akwos, ' a kind of thistle,' &Kaiva, '<;oad,' &kuv, 'javelin,' Aicpos, ' at the point,' Lat. acus, aculeus, acies (see <Sd().

Jlfyrcn, m., ' vestibule ' (dial.), from MidHG. gro, m., ' floor, threshing-floor,' also ' ground, bottom,' OHG. erin, m. (Goth. *arins), to which OIc. arenn, m., ' hearth,' corresponds. Further, OHG. Sro, OIc. jqrve, ' earth,' as well as Lat. area, ' court- yard, threshing-floor,' Lat. arvum, 'plain, cornfield,' and Gr. tpafc, 'to the ground,' may be cognate.

aid)cn, see cid)cn.

Jlfttct, see 8lgWi.

JUabctffor, m., 'alabaster,' from Mid HG. alabaster (Goth, alabastraun), from Lat-Gr. alubastrum.

JUcmt (1.), m., ' chub* (a fish), from the equiv. MidHG. alant, OHG. alant, alnnt, m., corresponds to OSax. alund; allied la

Ala

( 6 )

Aim

01c. Slunn, 'a fish'; of obscure origin, perhaps akin to Slal.

JManf (2.), m., 'elecampane ' (a plant), from the equiv. MidHG. alant, OHG. alant, m. ; of obscure origin ; it has been sup- posed to be connected with the equiv. Span, and Port. ala.

JUarm, m., ' alat•m,, first occurs in Mod HG., like E. alarm, from the equiv. Fr. alarme ; the latter is derived from Ital. allarme, prop., all' arme, ' to arms.' See Siarm.

JUmm, m., ' alum,' from MidHG. alun, m., ' alum,' from the equiv. Lat. alumen, whence also Lith. alunas, Eng. and Fr. alun, E. alum (AS. celifne, also efne).

Jllbc (1.), f., ' alb.' from MidHG. albe, OHG. alba, f., ' a white vestment used at mass,' formed from the equiv. EcclLat. alba (E. alb).

Jllbc (2.), f., ' bleak, whitebait,' from the equiv. MidHG. albel, m., formed from the Lat. albula, whence also Fr. able.

JUbeere, SUbeftna,, LG. 'black currant,' even in MidLG. albere ; al- is generally connected with 9llant (2). Corresponding to Du. aalbes, aalbezie.

^Uber, f., ' white poplar,' from MidHG. alber, OHG. albdri, m., 'poplar'; prob. borrowed from Rom. ; comp. Ital. albaro, which is connected either with Lat. albus or with Lat arbor; OHG. arbar, 'poplar,' occurs once.

albem, adj., ' silly, foolish,' earlier Mod HG. a/ber, from MidHG. dlwasre, ' simple, silly,' OHG. dlaiodri, ' kind, friendly, well- disposed' (with an interesting change of meaning from OHG. to MidHG). The OHG. adj. signifies also ' truly, quite true ' ; so Goth, wers, ' true,' also means ' friendly ' by inference from un-wirjan, ' to be un- willing, displeased ' (comp. too OHG. miti- wdriy ' friendly '). See todfyt and all. More- over, albem has not the present meanings in the UpG. dialects ; Luther introduced it from MidG. into the written language.

JMdjimic, f., ' alchemy,' from late Mid HG. alcliemie, f., which is derived from the equiv. Rom. cognates — Ital. alchimia, Fr. alchimie — the origin of which from Arab. al-kimtd and the earlier Gr. xiyt6j, 'juice,' is undoubted. A I- as the Arab, article is still seen in Sllfali, Sllforan, SUfabe, Sllljarabra, SUfobot, SUaebra. See 9Ufo»en.

JMfana'errf, f-, ' foolery,' from MidHG. ale-vanz, m., ' trick, roguery, deceit' ; con- nected with OHG. giana-venzon, ' to mock '

(ihe al- of MidHG. as in albem ?), also gir- lefanj and gant.

JU&ouen, m., ' bedchamber, alcove.' first occurs in ModHG. from Fr. alcdre (comp. also E. alcove), which with its Rom. cognates is based upon Arab, al-qobbak, 1 vault, tent' ; comp. Sldumie, also SUtyambva, Sllforan.

all, adj., ' all, whole,' from MidHG. and OHG. oi(infl. gen. alien), adj., 'entire, each, every one ' ; a word common to the Teut. group ; it corresponds to Goth, alls, OIc. allr, AS. eall, E. all, Du. al, OSax. <d, with the same meanings. There is also anOTeut. form ala- in compounds and derivatives ; comp. OHG. and OSax. alung, MidHG. aleitc, * entire, complete,' Goth, alamans, plur., 'everybody,' OHG. ala-wdr, 'quite true' (see albem), alaniuwi, 'quite new.' Probably Goth, alia- as a participial form is based upon an older al-na- (comp. voll, SBofle), since ala- shows that the root was al or rather ol. Whether Goth, alan, ' to grow up ' (see alt), is a cognate, remains uncertain ; in any case, the Kelt, words, Olr. uile, ule, ' entire, each, all ' (base olio-), and AV. oil, ' entire,' are rightly compared with it, while Gr. flXoi, on account of Sans. sdrvas (from Aryan solvo-s), ' entire, each,' must be kept apart. — ttllein, adj., * soli- tary, sole,' from MidHG. aUein, al-eine, like MidE. al-one, E. alone.— ctllmahlicf). atlm&liQ, adj , * gradual,' earlier allmdcr/- lidj and al(gemad), from MidHG. almech- lich, ' slow ' ; the later form allmdlig is based upon 9JJal, ' time,' but the MidHG. form upon gemaeh. — JUltttcnbe, f. (Alem.), ' common land,' from MidHG. almtnde, f., ' common ' ; on account of the MidHG. spelling almeinde and algemeine, the deri- vation from gemeine is probable (OHG. *alagimeinida). The derivation from an assumed OHG. alagimannida, ' commu- nity,' must be rejected, as such a form could never have existed. — Jiilob, n., 'allodial estate, freehold,' first occurs in ModHG., adopted from Mid Lat. allodium, which is the latinised form for the OG. and OFranc. alddis, OHG. al-6d, 'entire pro- perty or possession, free property ' ; comp. OSax. da, AS. edd, 'estate, possession,' OHG. 6tag, * wealthy.' To this the Teut. proper name Odoardo, Edward, is allied.

^FU m , f., ' mountain pasture,' equiv. to mpt.

JUtttanad), m., ' almanac,' first appears in early ModHG., from Fr. almanack, which

Aim

( 7 )

Amb

with its Eom. cognates is said to have come from Arab, through Span., like other words beginning with 9U* (see SUdjtmie, 9Ufo»en). But as the Arab, word fur calendar is cer- tainly not SKmanadj, but taqulm (Milan. taccuino), the derivation from Gr.-Egyp. &\(ievixiaK(L, 'calendar' (found in the Eccl. Hist, of Eusebius), is much more likely to be correct.

JUtttofen, n., 'alms, charity,' from the equiv. MidHG. almuosan, OHG. alamuo- stin-y alamdsan, n. ; corresponds to Du. aaU moes, AS. celmesse, E. alms, OIc. olmusa, f., ' alms.' The derivation from Lat.-Gr. i\efj- HoatiPT), 'sympathy, compassion, alms,' is incontestable ; as the OHG. collateral form elemosyna, elimosina indicates, the Lat.-Gr. origin was as firmly accepted in the OHG. period as the derivation of OHG. chirihha, 'church,' from KvpiaKdv. Yet the question remains how the ecclesiastical word found its way so early into the Teut. languages, so as to become a common possession of the MidEurop.and Northern Teutons. The absence of a corresponding Goth, word is explained by the fact that we obtained the word from the Rom. nations, as the congruent phonetic form proves : common Rom. alimosna, in accordance with Fr. aumdne, OFr. almosne, Prov. almosna, Ital. limosinaj allied also to Olr. alrnsan, OSlov. almuSino, Lith. jalmuSnas.

JUp, m., 'nightmare, incubus,' from MidHG. alp(b),m., 'spectre, incubus, night- mare, oppression caused by nightmare' ; prop, a term applied to mythical beings, AS. celf, OIc. dlfr, 'elf, goblin' (the Scan- dinavians distinguished between fairies of light and darkness) ; these appear to be identical with the OInd. rbhti, (lit. ' inge- nious, sculptor, artist'), the name of three clever genii (the king of the fairies was rbhukSdn). By the ASaxons, nightmare was called celfddl, alfsoyofta, 'elf-malady, elf-sickness (hiccough), ' (lumbago in the Eng. dialects is termed aw/shots, AS. ylfa gesceot). Com p. further (Slf (proper names like SUfcoin, SUfreb, have Sltb as their first component).

JUpc, f., from the equiv. MidHG. albe, f., ' mountain pasture,' allied to Lat. alpes, so too OHG. Alpun and Alpi, ' mountain pastures.'

JUratmc, f., ' mandrake,' from MidHG. alrAne, OHG. alrtina, f , ' mandrake, sorce- ress'; this, as the component -rAne indi- cates, is a priniit. term, which has been sup-

posed to be connected with old Teut. mythical beings who do their work secretly (comp. Goth, r&na, ' secret' ; see rauuen).

ttls, conj., ' as,' from MidHG. als, dlse, dlsd, 'likewise, thus, as, as if, because,' hence prop, identical with alfo ; OHG. alsd, ' likewise, like,' is a compound of al, ' entirely,' and s6, ' thus,' like the exactly corresponding AS. ealswd, whence E. as, from eal, ' entirely,' and swd, ' so.'

alfo, adv., related to ah?, like ModE. also to as, identical in every respect with the preceding.

alt, adj., from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. alt, adj., ' old ' ; the corresponding OSax. aid, AS. eald, E. old, have the same meaning ; Goth. a!J>eis (instead of the ex- pected form *alda-), ' old.' The West Teut. form al-da- is an old t6- participle (Lat. al-tus, 'high'), like other ModHG. adjs. (see under fatt), and belongs to Goth. alan, ' to grow up,' OIc. ala, ' to bring forth' (priniit. related to Lat. alo. Olr. alim, '1 nourish'), therefore lit. 'grown up.' Hence perhaps it was used orig. and chiefly in reckoning age, &c. (comp. Lat. X annos natus), but afterwards it was also used at an early period in an absolute sense, ' vetus.' See Sitter, ©(tern.

JUtar, m., 'altar,' from MidHG. dlter, altdre, altawe, under the constant influ- ence of Lat. altdre, which forms the base. Comp. altdri, dlteri, found even in OHG. ; the word was introduced by Christianity. Goth, uses hunsla-staf>s, lit. ' temple-table ' ; AS. wlhbed for *wihbe6d\ ' sacred table ' (see wetfien and Scute).

filter, n., ' age, antiquity,' from MidHG. alter, OHG. altar, n., 'age, old age ' (opposed to youth) ; comp. the corresponding OSax. aldar, ' life, time of life,' AS. ealdor, * life,' OIc. aldr, ' age, hoary age,' Goth. *aldra-, in framaldrs, ' of advanced age, in years.' An abstract term formed from the root al, ' to grow up, bring forth,' mentioned under alt, and the suffix -tro- frequent in Gr. and Lat. See further cognates under ffictt.

JUfroife, see Ohefter.

JUfoor&crrt, plur., from the equiv. MidHG. altvordem, OHG. alt-fordoron, m. plur., 'forefathers,' lit. 'the old former ones,' from OHG. fordoro, ' farmer.' With regard to the signification of alt- in this compound, comp. OHG. and MidHG. all- vater, ' grandfather,' OHG. alt-hirro, * an- cestor,' OHG. alt-may, ' forefather.'

Jlmbofj, m., ' auvil,' from MidHG. erne-

Ame

( 8 )

Amt

L6x, GHG. anabd^, m., 'anvil'; a specifi- cally G. word allied to OHG. bfyan, MidHG. bd^en, 'to beat, strike.' Comp. AS. bedtan, E. to beat (see JBttfujj, SJeutet, fccffclti). Whether OHG. ana-b6^ is formed by the imitation of Lat. incus (allied to cudere) is uncertain, for the smith's art was early developed among the Teutons without any Southern influence. The corresponding terms AS. anfilt, E. anvil (also OHG. ana- faiz), Du. aanbcld, MidLG. anebelle, Dan. ambolt, are similarly formed.

Jlmeife, f., from the equiv. MidHG. Smeiu (emeze, whence ModHG. (Smfc), OHG-. dmei^a, f., 'ant'; note ModHG. dial. ametee, OHG. dmeitza. It corresponds to AS. cemette, E. emmet, ant. The deriva- tion can scarcely be ascertained with cer- tainty, as the relations of the vowels of the accented syllable are not clear ; the OHG. form dmei^a evidently indicates a connec- tion with emfta, ;9lmetfe, lit. 'the diligent (in- sect).' On the other hand, OHG. d-meizza and AS. ce-mette point to a root mart, 'to cut, gnaw' (see under fKetjjet), so that it would signify 'gnawing insect ' (MidHG. and OHG. d- means 'off, to pieces'). Du.and LG. mier, 'ant,' is more widely diffused than Stntciff, CiimGoth. miera (Goth. *miuzj6), AS. m$ra, E. mire, Sw. mfra, * ant ! ; orig. ' that which lives in the moss, the moss insect,' allied to Teut. memo- (see 9RccS). A word formed from the Lat. formica is probably at the base of Swiss wurmeisle.

JlmeImoI)(, n., ' starch-flour,' from Mid HG. amel, amer, OHG. amar, ' eummer- spelt' ; tlie ModHG. signification seems to be influenced by Gr.-MidLat. amylon,1 finest meal ' (E. amel-corn).

Jlmmann, m. ( Alem. ; the Franc, term is -£>etmbi"ira,f), 'chief magistrate, bailiff,' from MidHG. amman, a shortened colla- teral form of ambetman, 'magistrate, bail iff'; orig. sense, 'servant, official,' afterwards also ' magistrate.' See also Slutt.

Jlmmc, f., ' (wet-)nurse, foster-mother,' from MidHG. amine, f., 'mother, in so far as the child is fed by her ; (wet-)nurse,' OHG. ammn, f. ; allied to OIc. amma, 'grandmother' (Suab. and Bav. even yet ' mother '). Probably an instinctive sound, since, undoubtedly independent of the Teut. group, Rom. also and other lan- guages have similar words for Slntmt ; comp. Span, and Port. ama.

Jltttmeiff or, m., 'chief magistrate,' from MidHG. ammeister, from ambetmeister, like

Imn, from Slmfrotmann ; MidHG. am- manmei8ter and ammeister, ' president of the guilds 'of Strasburg).'

Jlmmer, f., from the equiv. Mid 110. amer, OHG. amero (*amaro), m., ' yellow- hammer,' with the deriv. OHG. and Mid HG. amerinc, 'yellow-hammer,' MidLat. amarellus, which may have been formed from the G. word ; E. yellow - hammer (©clcamnter) is a corrupt form. Whether OHG. *amaro was derived from OHG. amar, 'summer-spelt,' is as doubtful as its relation to Slntfd.

$mpel, f., ' lamp,' from MidHG. ampel (also ampulle), OHG. ampulla, f., * lamp,' also ' vessel.' Borrowed in OHG. from Lat. ampulla, ' flask, vessel,' whence also AS. ampelle, OIc ample, ' vessel ' (LG. pulle, ' bottle ').

Jlmpfer, m., 'sorrel,' from the equiv. MidHG. ampfer, OHG. ampfaro, m. ; allied to the equiv. AS. ompre ; an adj. used as a substantive. Comp. Du. amper, 'sharp, bitter, unripe,' OSw. amper, 'sour, bitter,' OIc. apr (for *ampr), 'sharp' (chiefly of cold) ; also LG. ampern, ' to prove bitter to the taste.' Sauc.rautVfcr (also corrupted to Saner; ramf) is a tautological compound like SSinKjunb. In case Teut. ampra-, from *ambro-, represents the prop. Aryan *amr6-, Sans, amid, 'sour' (also 'wood-sorrel'), and Lat. amdrus,1 bitter,' are primit. cognate with this word.

JUttfol, f., 'blackbird,' from the equiv. MidHG. amsel, OHG. amsala, f. It corre- sponds to AS. 6sle (6s- fromams-), E. ousel ; the equiv. Lat. mirula (Fr. merle), whence Du. meerle and E. merl are borrowed, may represent *meJsuht, and have been orig. cognate with 9lntfc(. Its relation to Slmntct and to Goth, ams, ' shoulder,' is uncertain.

Jlmt, n., ' office, council, jurisdiction,' from MidHG. ammet, older ambet, OHG. ambaht, ambahti, n., ' service, office, occu- pation, divine service, mass' ; a word com- mon to the Teut. group. Comp. Goth. andbahti, 'office, service' (from andbalds, 'servant,' OHG. ambaht, 'servant'), AS. anbihJ, ambiht, n., 'office, service,' ambi/tt, m., 'servant' (obsolete at the beginning of the MidE. period), Du. ambt, OSax. am- baht-skepi, 'service,' ambaht-man, 'servant.' The relation of the common Teut. word to the Gall.-Lat. ambactus (mentioned in Caesar's Bell. Gall.), ' vassal,' is much dis- puted. The WestTcut. words may be best explained from Goth. and QTent.dndbahta-,

An

( 9 )

Ang

and the genuinely Teut. aspect of such a vorcl cannot indeed be ilenied, even if the origin of -lahts cannot now be determined (and- is a verbal particle, ModHG. ant;). The emphatic testimony of Festus, how- ever, is against the Teut. origin of the Gall.-Lat. amhactus; ambacttisapudEnnium lingua gallica servus appellatur. This coin- cides with the fact that the word can be fully explained from Kelt. ; amhactus con- tains the Kelt, prefix amb- (Lat. amb-), ' about ' ; and ag is an oft-recurring verbal root (see Slcfcr) in Kelt, meaning 'to go' ; hence amhactus, ' messenger ' (lit ' one sent hither and thither'), from which comes Mid Lat. ambactia, ambactiala, 'errand' (Ital. ambasciata, Fr. ambassade, ' em- bassy '). This explanation of the Lat.-Rom. cognates makes it possible that the OTeut. class was borrowed from Kelt, and trans- formed (Goth, andbahts for amhahts) ; in any case, it was borrowed in prehistoric times (comp. 9ieirf)).

cm, prep., adv., 'on, by, along,' from MidHG. ane, OHG. ana, prep., adv., 'on, in, upon' ; it corresponds to Goth, ana, prep., adv., ' on, upon, in,' AS., E. on, prep., adv., Du. aan, OSax. an. Primit. allied to Gr. d.v&, ' upon, on,' Zend ana, ' upon,' Lat. an- in anhelare, ' to respire,' OSlov. vu (for *on).

cmbcrcutmcit, vb., 'to fix or appoint (a time),' with a dialectic transmutation of d into au (013av.), or the word was based by popular etymology on 9tattm, from Mid HG. rdmen (rasmen), ' to make proposals, aim, strive' (berdmen, 'to fix'), OHG. rdmin, OSax. rdmCn, ' to aim, strive,' Du. beramen, 'to fix' ; allied to MidHG. rdm, ' goal ' (root rS, as in 9lete ?). Further OFr. aramir, ' to define legally ' ?.

Jlttbacr)f, f., 'devotion,' from MidHG. a»ddht, OHG. dnaddht, 'attention, devo- tion'; MidHG. ddht, I'., 'thought,' is a verbal abstract from MidHG. and ModHG. denkcn.

%{nba\ia)C, f., 'drain,' older ModHG. dduc/te, transformed from Lat. aquaeductus. See abjufy.

anc»cr, adj., 'other, different, second,' from MidHG. ander, OHG. andar, 'the other' ; it corresponds to Goth. an]mr, 'the other,' OIc. annarr, AS. 6Ser, E. other, Du. ander, OSax. diiar, 6<Sar. The meanings ' the second, one of two, the other,' are due to a comparative form (Aryan dnteros, ' one of two,' Lat. alter). Comp. the corre- sponding Sans, dntara-, 'different from,'

Osset. andar, 'otherwise than, with the exception of,' Lith. dntras, ' the other.' The root an- is proved by Sans, and Zend an-ya-, 'another.' With OHG. andar, ' other,' is also connected OHG. antardn, ' to imitate.'

Jln&ers, see eittjr.

Jlnfcont, in., from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. andorn, ' horehound, the plant Marrubium' ; the suffix -orn as in Slfyoui ? The root has not yet been explained.

cmfacrjen, see*gdd)rc.

Jlncjel, m. and f., from the equiv. Mid HG. angel, in., f., 'sting, fish-hook, hinge of a door,' OHG. angul, m.. ' sting, point, fish-hook' ; diminut. of OHG. avgo, 'sting, door hinge,' MidHG. ange, ' fish-hook, door hinge.' Comp. AS. ongel, E. avgle, AS. onga, ' sting,' OIc. qngull, ' fish-hook,' allied to ange, 'sting, point' (Alem. angel, ' bee sting,' angelmuck, 'stinging fly'). The supposition that the primit. and widely dif- fused cognates are borrowed from Lat. an- gulus, 'angle, corner,' is untenable ; OBulg. aglu, E. avgle, AS. angul, 'angle, corner,' are, however, primit. allied to it ; so too @ita,fant>, Slugclfatfyfett. The root idea of the Teut. cognates is 'pointed.' An Aryan root onk, ' to be pointed,' also lies at the base of Lat. uncus, Gr. fry/cos, 6yicivot, • barb,' AyKiarpop, 'fish-hook,' Sans, anka, 'hook,' Osset. Ungur, 'hook, hinge,' Olr. 4cad, ♦hook.'

cmcjeneljm, adj., ' agreeable, pleasant,' from MidHG. gename, late OHG. gindmi, adj., 'acceptable, agreeable' (without the prefix an-), allied to ncfymett. Comp. Goth. andanSms, ' agreeable,' allied to and-niman, ' to accept'

Jlttftcr, m., ' paddock, grass plot,' from MidHG. anger, OHG. angar, m., ' pasture land, grass plot, arable laud' ; allied to OIc. eng, enge, ' meadow, pasture ground.' Tne cognates can scarcely be derived from cage, ' narrow ' (Teut. root ang). Trustworthy correspondences are wanting.

^nftcpdjf, n., 'face, presence,' from MidHG. angesiht, n., ' aspect, view,' MidG. also ' face' ; allied to ©ejidjt, fcfyeit.

Jlncjff, f., from the equiv. MidHG. ang>8t, OHG. angust, f., 'anxiety, appre- hension ' ; this abstract form is wanting in the other OTeut. dialects, the suffix st being also very rarely found ; comp. iDicnft. But it must not be assumed therefore that the OHG. angust is borrowed from Lat. angustiae, ' narrowness, meanness.' It is

Anh

( io )

Apf

rather to be regarded as a genuine Tent, derivative from the root ang appearing in tnge, especially as the OSlov. in its primit. allied azostl, 'contraction,' shows the same derivation. Hence Slngfl must he consi- dered as primit. cognate with L;it. angustiae. See bange and enge.

unhcifd)tg, adj., from the equiv. Mid HG. antheiyc, anthei}e. adj., ' bound, en- gaged,'influenced byfyeifcfoen ; the MidHG. adj. is derived from MidH( J. and OHG. an- thei$, ' vow, promise,' which, like Goth. andaliait, ' confession,' AS. ovdettan, ' to confess,' is composed of the particle ant- and the root hait, ' to hid.'

Jlttis, in., from the equlv. MidHG. ants, also enis, n., 'anise,' borrowed perhaps even before the MidHG. period from Lat. antsum (Gr. dMow), 'anise,' whence also Fr. ants, E. anise.

^Ittfec, m., ' butter,' an Alem. word, from MidHG. anke, OHG. ancho, 'butter' ; the genuine G. term for the borrowed word ©utter, for which, in the OHG. period, anc- smero or chuo-smero, lit. ' cow-fat' (see (Sdjmeer), might also be used. Goth. *agqa for OHG. ancho is not recorded. It is certainly allied primitively to the Ind. root afi.j, ' to anoint, besmear,' and to Lat. unguo, * to anoint ' ; coinp. Sans, djya, ' butter- offerinir,' Olr. imb (from imben-), ' butter.'

£lrtfeer(l.), m., 'anchor,' from the equiv. MidHG. anker, late OHG. ancliar. m. ; cor- responding to Du. anker, AS. (even at a very early period) oncor, E. anchor, OIc. akkere, 'anchor.' A loan-word early naturalised among the English, and before 1000 A.D. even among the MidEurop. Teutons and in the North. From Lat. ancora (comp. Ital. ancora, Fr. ancre, f. ; allied also to Lith. inkaras, OSlov. anukura, ankura), in con- nection with which the different gender of the Teut. words is remarkable. In OHG. there exists a genuinely native word for 'anchor' — senchil, m., sinchila, f.

Jlnfecr (2.), m., ' a liquid measure,' Mod HG. only, from Du. anker, which, like the equiv. E. anchor, points to MidLat. anceria, ancheria, 'cupa minor' (smaller cask) ; the origin of the cognates is obscure.

Jltilefjen, n., 'loan,' from MidHG. an- lehen, OHG. analihan, n., ' loan of money on interest,' from a\u and ittyn.

<mrud)ig, adj., also anrudjtig, 'disre- putable,' ModHG. only, formed from rudSbar under the influence of riedjen. See ruc$tbar.

Jlnftolf , f., ' institution,' from MidHG.

anstalt, * founding ' ; sftalt is an aostract from jie ((en.

cmffctff, see ©tatr.

ant ■-, prefix, preserved in ModHG. only in 9lnt4tfc and Slnt;tr<ort (see also 5Smt, att; t>cifd)ig, and -£>ant>iverf). It is found in the early periods in many noun compounds, to whicli ModHG. ent; is the correspond- ing prefix of verbal compounds. Comp. MidHG. and OHG. ant-, Goth, anda-, AS. and-, ond- (comp. E. answer under Slut; roort) ; also the Goth. prep, and, 'on, upon, in, along.' The orig. meaning of the prefix is 'counter,' which makes it cognate with Gr. ami, ' against,' Lat, ante, 'before,' Sans. dnti, ' opposite.'

JlnilifS, n., from the equiv. MidHG. antlitze, n., late OHG. antlizzi, n., ' coun- tenance'; allied to the equiv. collateral forms MidHG. antliitte, OHG. antlutti {analdti), n., 'countenance.' Two origi- nally different words have been combined in these forms. It is probable that OHG. and MidHG. antliz corresponds to AS. and- wlita, m., OIc. analit, n. (comp. Goth, anda- wleizn, n.) ; comp. Goth, wlits, m., ' face,' wlaitdn, Olc. lila (for *vlUa), ' to spy ' ; the root wltt (pre-Teut. id'td), preserved in these words, has not yet been authenticated beyond the Teut. group. With these cog- nates were combined those from Goth. ludja, 'face,' parallel to which an equiv. *anda-ludi, for OHG. antlutti, n., ' coun- tenance,' must be assumed.

JlntttJorf, f., from the equiv. MidHG. anticurt, f., OHG. antvmrti, f., 'answer,' beside which there is a neut. form Mid HG. anluiirte, OHG. antwurti, Goth, dnda- icaurdij lit. 'counter-words' (collective). Comp. ants ; also, AS. andsicaru, E. an- swer, under fdMr-crcn.

Jlpfcl, n., ' apple,' from the equiv. Mid HG. apfel, OHG. apful (also afful, plur. epjUi), m. ; a word common to the Teut. group, by chance not recorded in Goth. Comp. Du. and LG. appel, m., AS. appel, m. (in the plur. neut.), E. apple, OIc. eple, n., 'apple' (Goth. *aplus,m.l). The apple- tree in WestTeut. is *apuldr, f. ; comp. OHG. affoltra, AS. apuldr, which are pre- served in the local names ModHG. Slffclteru, 9lffaltracl>, (Slpctba ?), Du. Apeldoren, E. Apple- dore. In spite of this diffusion throughout the entire Teut. group, and of the mention of wild apple-trees in Tacitus, the whole class must be recognised as loan-words (Dbjl has no connection whatever with

Apr

f TI )

Arm

them). They must, however, have been borrowed long before the beginning of our era, since the Teut. p in apla- has, in accord- ance with the permutation of consonants, originated in a prehistoric b; comp. Ir, aball, uball, Lith. obulys, OSlov. abluko, 1 apple.' As nothing testifies to the Aryan origin of these oblu- cognates (in Lat. mdlum Gr. A"?^°")> found only in the North of Europe, we must assume that the word was borrowed. The derivation from Lat. malum Abellanum (the Campanian town Abella was famed in antiquity for its apples), is on phonetic and formal grounds doubtful, although in the abstract (comp. s4>firjicfy) the combination is interesting. No other explanation of how it was borrowed has yet been found. It is noteworthy that for 9(ugapff(, ' pupil,' apful alone (as well as ougapful) can he used in OHG. ; comp. AS. ceppel, n. (plur., also masc), E. apple of the eye (also eyeball), Du. oogappel ; but, on the other hand, OIc. augasteinn.

$prtf, m., ' April,' from the equiv Mid HG. aprille, aberelle, m. ; from Lat. April is (comp. Fr. avril, Ital. aprile), borrowed at the beginning of the MidHG. period in place of the genuine OHG. 6starmAn6d, 'Easter-month.'

Jlr, in., n., a square measure (about 120 sq. yards), ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. Fr. are (Lat. area).

$(vheit, f., ' work, labour, employment,' from MidHG. arbert, arebeit, OHG. ar(a)bei', f., ' labour, toil, distress.' Corresponding to OSax. artidi, n., 'toil, hardship, suffering,' arbM, f., and Du. arbeid, m., AS. earfoft, earfefie, n., 'toil, hardship,' ear/efte, adj., ' difficult,' Goth. arbaips(d),f., 'oppression, distress' ; OIc. erfiSi, n., 'toil,' erfiSr, adj., 'difficult, toilsome.' Hence 'toil' must be accepted as the fundamental meaning of the cognates, and therefore any connection with the stem of (Srfce is improbable. It has been compared with greater reason with OSlov. (Russ.) rabota, f., ' servants' work,' and rabu, robu, 'servant, thrall,' as prim, cognates, although this comparison is open to doubt Lat. l&boTy ' work,' is at all events certainly not allied to it.

,Hrd)C, f., 'ark,' from MidHG., arclie (also arke), OHG. arahha (also archa), f., ' Noah's ark.' The ModHG. form with ch (instead of k) seems to point to Upper Ger- many (Luther's Bible has dloafy Jfajhn) ; OHG. buoh-arahha, 'book-chest,' MidHG. arche, ' chest, money-chest' It corresponds

to Du. ark, ' Noah's ark,' AS. euro, m., earce, f., ' chest, covenant, ark, box,' E. ark, OIc. ork, f., 'chest, coffin, Noah's ark,' Goth. arlca, f., ' box, money-box, Noah's ark.' This widely diffused word was borrowed at an early period from the equiv. Lat. (also Romance) area, which, as the mean- ings of the Teut. group coextensive with those of the Lat. indicate, was not perhaps naturalised on the introduction 01 Chris- tianity, to which the more recent meaning of ' Noah's ark' may reler. Both the word and the thing had probably at the beginning of our era found their way to the Teutons with Lat. cista. See Jtifte and <£arf.

arg, adj., 'bad, severe, hard,' from Mid HG. arc(g), 'vile, wicked, stingy, avari- cious,' OHG. arg, arag, 'avaricious, cow- ardly, vile' ; also OHG. arg, MidHG. arc(g\ 'evil, vileness, wickedness.' Comp. AS. earg, adj., 'cowardly, slothful' (no longer found in E.), OIc. argr, 'cowardly, effe- minate' (also ragr). Paul the Deacon cites arga as an abusive term among the Lom- bards. Through a Goth. *args the Teut. word may have made its way into Span, and Finn. ; comp. Span, aragan, 'sloth- ful,' Finn, arka, 'cowardly.' As it is not easy to deduce the meaning 'cowardly' from 'avaricious,' which appears chiefly in OHG., we must assume that the root idea of the Teut. arga- was ' vile, base,' of which 'avaricious' and 'cowardly' would be spe- cialisations resulting from the liberal hos- pitality and bravery which characterised the Teutons. This word, like almost all words within the ethical sphere, is pecu- liar to Teutonic ; comp. arm, befe, gut, ixUi. — cirflcrtt, 'to annoy, vex, fret,' from Mid HG. erqern, 'to incite to evil, deteriorate, corrupt,' OHG. ergir&n, argiron, 'to make worse.' from the comparative of arg. From this ModHG. &rger, m., is formed (comp. 9lu$fafc from astftyia, ©eij from flcijftt, Jpanbfl from Ijanfccln, Cpfer from rpfmt) ; in MidHG. erge, OHG. argt, f., 'malice.' — JitQWOfytl, m., from the equiv. MidHG. arcwdn, m. (comp. SOabu), 'suspicion, mis- trust'; comp. ModHG. Slrglijt, L from Mid HG. arclist, f., 'cunning, malice,' from arg ; even in OHG. arcwdnen, ' to suspect,' oc- curs, MidHG. arciccenen.

drflern, vb., see arg.

Jlrtcsbaum, m., 'service tree,' from MidHG. OHG. arliz-boum, in., 'acernus, cornus' ; scarcely allied to Qxlt.

Jlrm, in., ' arm, branch,' from the equiv.

Arm

( >2 )

Arz

MiilHG. arm OHG. aram, arm, in.; a word common to the Teut group ; comp. OSax. arm, Du. arm, AS. earm, E. arm, OIc. armr, Goth, arms, in., 'arm.' Like many terms for parts of the bo<ly (see Slri'd), gufj, #cq, Stmt, 91ao,tl, &c.), 9lrm extends beyond the Teut dialects. It is.primit related to Lat. armus, 'the topmost part of the upper arm, fore-quarter' (Gr. ippAs, 'suture, joint, shoulder,' belongs to another division), OBulg. rame,, 'shoulder, arm,' Sans, trmd-s, m., 'lore-quarter, arm.' See Grmcl.

arm, adj., 'poor, unfortunate, miser- able,' from the equiv. MidHG. arm, OHG. aram, arm, adj. ; comp. OSax. arm, Du. arm, AS. earm (obsolete in E.), OIc. armr, Goth, arms, adj., 'poor.' A term common to Teut, with no correspondence in the allied Aryan group ; comp. fcarmfierjig, at$, ttid). — Jlrtttttf, f., from the equiv. Mid HG. armuot, f., armuote, n., ' poverty,' OHG. aramuott, f. : a derivative of the Goth. adj. *arm6f>s ; comp. G tttebf, &tintat.

Jlrmbruff, f., 'crossbow,' from the equiv. MidHG. armbrust, n., which must be a corruption of MidLat. arbalista, arcu- balista,ht. 'bow for projectiles' (Lat. arcus, Gr. f3&\\eiv). A compound of Slrm atid S3ruft is, properly speaking, impossible in G., especially as the MidHG. word is neut From MidLat. arbalista conies the equiv. Fr. arbalete; comp. E. arbalist, Du. armborst, Ital. balestra, from the last of which the older ModHG. Qklcftft, 'cross- bow for shooting bullets,' is boirowed.

$rtttcl, see SrmrL

Jlrmuf , see arm.

.Brnolb, see 9lar.

£lrfd), m., *ar3e, fundament,' according to the analogous cases cited under birfefyftt, from an older 9lrS, MidHG. and OHG. ars, m., ' arse.' It corresponds to the equiv. Mid LG. ars, ers, Du. aars, naars (with prefixed n), AS. ears, E. arse, OIc ars (and rass, coin p. argr and ragr, see ar»j), m., 'arse.' Teut. arsa-z, m., from 6rso-s, is rightly held to be priuiit allied to Gr. 6fif>oi (pp for rs), 'coccyx, rump' ; akin to Olr. err, f., ' tail, end, point'?. Comp. the remark under 9lrm.

Jlrf, f., 'kind, sort, species, manner,' from MidHG. art, m., f., 'innate peculi- arity, nature, condition, kind ' ; OHG. art, is not recorded with these meanings, nor is the word found elsewhere. Instead of this there occurs the homonymous OHG. art,!., 'tillage, ploughing,' with which arttin,

' to inhabit, cultivate,' is connected ; further, OSax. ard, m., 'dwelling-place,' AS. eard, m., 'dwelling, native place,' OIc. qrt), f., ' harvest, produce.' These cognates, which belong (see Slrftr) to an OTeut and Aryan root, ar, ' to plough ' (Lat arare, Gr. &p6w, &c), are scarcely allied to MidHG. art, m., f., ' nature, condition ' ; comp., however, ai'oftitung from gwclnini. It is. more pro- bable that Slrt is connected with Lat ars (gen. plur. arti-um), 'method, art,' and Sans, rtd, 'method.' The compounds 9lrtarfer, artbar, artfiaft contain MidHG. and OHG. art, 'agriculture, tillage,' and be- long consequently to the Teut and Aryan root ar, 'to plough.'

Jlr3enet, £ (in the 17th cent accen- ted on the SI also), ' medicine,' from MidHG. arzenle (erzonte), f., 'art of heal- ing, remedy.' The OHG. word does not occur, but only a derivative OHG. erzinen, giarzintin, MidHG. erzenen, 'to heal ;' the verb, by its sufiix, suggests Goth, lekintin, AS. Iwcnian, OHG. lahhindn, ' to heal. ' From OHG. gi-arzin&n, the MidHG. sub- stint arzenle, which did not appear until a later period, might then have been formed with a Rom. termination. The assumption that MidHG. arzenle referred to Archigenes of Apamea (in Syria), a fiimous physician, is untenable ; if this assumption were correct, we should have expected OHG. *arzin, or rather *arzino, ' physician,' which, however, u nowhere to be found. Besides, OHG. arzintin formed into arzdt, 'physician,' under the influence of the genuinely Teut. and Goth. IShinSn^ OHG. Idhhinfin, 'to heal,' makes any reference to Archigenes quite super- fluous. Moreover, MidHG. has also a form arzatte (MidDu. arsedte), ' medicine.' See Strit.

-Hr^f , m., ' physician,' from the equiv. MiuHG. arzet, arzdt, OHG. arzdt, m., a specifically Germ, word, unknown to Eng., Scand. and Goth. Its early appearance in OHG., in which OTeut. Idhki was the more

Krevalent form, is remarkable (comp. Goth. ieis, 'physician,' AS. Idee?, E. leecli ; also the ModHG. proper name 2dd?nrr, from MidHG. Idchenare, ' enchanter,' lit. ' physi- cian'). The MidDu. form arsatre, OLG. ercetere, ' physician ' (MidLG. arsle), proves the origin from the oft-recurring Frauc and MidLat. archiater (i.p\iaTpin), ' physician ' (espec. physician-in-ordinary to the king). There are no phonetic difficulties in con-

As

( 13 )

Atz

necting OHG. arzdt with arzdter, arcidter, archidter, since the OLG. and MidDu. form itself points to the Mid Lat. form. Moreover, the technical terms of Greek physic found their way at an early period to the West (comp. 93ud)fe, ^jlafht), hat always through the medium of Lat. and Rom. The unique arzdte(r) was entirely unknown to Rom. (Ital. medico, OFr. mire, Fr. me'decin, which of course were also unknown to Teut.). Concerning arz-, erz-, as the representative of Gr. &px1-, see (Sr^. The theory advanced on account of ModHG. SWufytaqt, 'mill- wright,' that OHG. arzdt is from Lat. ar- tista, is on phonetic and historical grounds unwarranted. MidLat. artista was not used for medical practitioners until late in the Middle Ages (comp. ModFr. artiste veterinaire) ; the word too is unknown in earlier Rom. On the other hand, we meet with archiatri even as far hack as the Frank, king Childebert and Charlemagne. See besides Slrienei.

Jls, n., Jlfj, ModHG. only, from the equiv. Fr. as, m., ' the ace (of dice or cards), a small weight ' (Lat. as). In Mid HG. the prevalent term for the ' ace (of dice)' was esse, which comes from Lat. assis (a later collateral form of as). Comp. !Dait$.

Jlfcf), see Slrfdj.— Jlfcfj, m., 'pot, basin, bowl ' (to which 9l|"d;fud)en is allied), from MidHG. asch, OHG. asc, m., 'dish, basin, boat ' ; lit. ' of ash.' See (£}d)t.

Jlfdje (I.), f., 'ashes, cinders,' from Mid HG. asche (esche), OHG. asca, f., 'ashes' ; corresponds to Du. asch, AS. asce, cesce, t'.t E. ashes (hut also sing, in bone-ash, potash, &c.) ; OIc. aska, f., 'ashes'; akin also to the abnormal Goth. azgS, f., 'ashes' (but Span, ascua is borrowed). Trustworthy correspondences in other languages are wanting, nor is ©fdje allied to it. — Jlfd^cn- brdoel, see under brobetu— ModHG. Jlf- 6)et'., 'ash,' in the compound Slfcbfvmitt- irocfy (forwhich the MidHG. form is aschtac), occurs even in MidHG. in compounds. — £fd)i<xud), m., 'shallot,' MidHG. asch- touch, a corruption of the equiv. MidLat. ascalonium. See ©cfyatotte.

Jlfd)C (2.), f., 'grayling,' from the equiv. MidHG. asche, OHG. asco, m. ; scarcely allied to 9lfd)e, as if the fish were named from its ash-grey colour; Ital. lasco.

Jlffel, m., espec J?cllcraffef, 'woodlouse,' ModllG. only ; generally derived from Lat. asellus, ' little ass,' and might have been named from its grey colour ; comp. Gr.

&vos, iviffKos, 'ass, woodlouse,* Ital. asello, ' woodlouse.' Yet the ffof the ModHG. word, as well as the dialectic variant atzel, might militate against this derivation ; hence a pre-Teut. stem at, att (allied to efim 1) seems to be at the base of it. Comp. also GfeL

Jiff, m., ' bough, branch,' from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. ast, m., ' branch,' corre- sponding to the equiv. Goth. asts. The term is unknown to the other dialects, yet its great antiquity is incontestable because of the agreement of Teut. astaz (a permu- tation of the pre-Teut. ozdos; comp. 3)<ajl, and the examples cited there of the permu- tation of the Aryan zd, so", to Teut. st) with Gr. tffoj (6<r9o$), ' brand 1, twig, knot, node (of a tree) ' ; the latter with Armen. ost, ■ brand),' is likewise based upon osdos. The meanings of the Gr. word admit the sup- position of its being allied to MidLG. 6st (LG. aust), Du. oest, AS. 6st, ' knot, node ' (Aryan stein 6sdo-).

Jig, see Jlas and Jls.

Jlfettt, m., from the equiv. MidHG. dtem (dten), OHG. dtumym.,1 breath, spirit1 ; comp. MidHG. der heilege dtem, OHG. der wtho dtum, 'the Holy Spirit;' ModHG. collateral form (prop, dialectic) Dbem. The word is not found in EastTeut. ; in Goth. ahma, 'spirit,' is used instead (see adjten). Comp. OS ix. dfiom, Du. adtm, AS. cefim (obsolete in Eng.), ' breath.' The cognates point to Aryan itmon-, Sans, dtmdn, m., 'puff, breath, spirit'; also Olr. athach, ' breath,' Gr. a.rp.6% ' smoke, vapour.' Whether ModHG. Slbcr and Gr. Ijrop, ' heart,' are derived from the root St, ' to exhale, breathe,' contained in these cog- nates, is questionable.

Jiff e, Jit f t, in., ' father,' dialectic, from MidHG. atte, OHG. atto, 'father.' The mutation of the ModHG. is diminutive, as is shown by the final i of the Swiss Utti. Allied to Goth, atta, 'father' (whence At- tila, MidHG. Etzel, lit. ' little, dear father'), perhaps also to Olr. aite, 'foster-father' (from attios), OSlov. otlcl, ' father.'

JUtid), 111., from the equiv. MidHG. attech (atech), OHG. attali (attuh, atah), ' danewort,' borrowed and extended at an early period from Lat. acte (Gr. Akttj, iucrta), < elder-tree.' Comp. gatttd) from Lat. lac- tuca, also JDattct from dactylos.

JU,)cf, f., 'magpie' ; see under Gljhr.

ctfjOit, vb., ' to corrode, etch, bait,' from MidHG. etzen, OHG. ezzen, 'to give to eat,' lit ' to make eat ' ; factitive of effm.

Aus

( 14 )

Aus

Jlu, JlltC, 'river islet, wet meadow, fertile plan,' from MidHG. ouwe, f., ' water, 6tream, water-land, island, peninsula, mea- dow-land abounding in water, grassy plain'; OHG. ouwa, from old *auj6- (the presumed Goth, fui-m, comp. OHG.-MidLat. augia). It corresponds to OIc. ey and AS. Sg, fg, f., ' island,' to which AS. tglond, iglond, E. island, Du. eiland, 'islam),' are allied ; so too Lat. and Teut. Batavia, Scandinavia; Goth. *aujd- (for awj6-, avoid-) has lost a g (comp. SJtiere). The theoretical form agwjd-, prop, an adj. used as a subst., ' the watery place,' as it were (hence ' water-lund,' i.e., \ island ' or ' meadow '), belongs to Goth. ahwa, f., ' river,' which with Lot. aqua is based upon Aryan dkiod. The names of places ending in a {e.g. Sutba) and ad) (e.g. VLvaty) still preserve the OHG. aha equiv. to the Goth. ahwa. See ta and tad).

ttud), adv. and conj., 'also, likewise,' from MidHG. ouch, OHG. ouh, ' and, also, but.' It corresponds to OSax. ok, Du. ool; OFries. dk, AS. edc, E. eke, OIc. auk, ' be- sides,' Dan. og, 'and, also, but,' Sw. och, Ic. ok; Goth, auk, 'then, but'; an adv. common to Teut. Some refer this auk to the Teut. root auk (Aryan aug), ' to in- crease,' wlience OHG. ouhh&n, ' to add,' OSax. dkian, AS. yean, OIc. auka, Goth. aukan, ' to increase,' are derived (Lat. augere, aug-ustus, Sans, vgrds, 'powerful,' ojas, ' strength,' are allied to them) ; comp. AS. t6-edcan, ' moreover, also.' Others trace Teut. auk to a compound of two Arvan particles, au and ge (Gr. aft, ye).

^UC, f., ' ewe,' dialectic, from MidHG. ouwe, OHG. ou, f., 'sheep.' Comp. AS. eowu, E. ewe; primit allied to Lat. ovis, Gr. ofc, Lith. avis (OSlov. ovica), ' sheep.' See <2cr-af.

Jlucr, in SUieredja, m., from the equiv. MidHG. dr, dr-oclise, OHG. dr, drohso, m., ' aurochs ' ; corresponds to AS. dr, OIc. drr, (u- stem). The fact that even Roman writers knew the Teut. term under the form drus points to *drus (not dzus) as the Goth, form ; comp. Teut. and Lat gU- sum, ' amber,' similar to AS. glosre, ' resin.' Hence the proposed explanation of dr from Sans, usrd-s, m., ' bull,' must be put aside. Internal evidence cannot be ad- duced to show that the OGerm. word is non-Teut. ; the assertion of Macrobius that drus is Kelt, proves nothing. — JUtcrI)af)rt, m., even in MidHG. the equiv. drhan (and orhan), m., 'blackcock,' with drhuon

(or/iuon), ' grey hen,' occurs. Slucrljjf)H was evidently compared with 9luerodj$, the one appeared to be among the birds of the wood what the other was among animals of the chase.

OUf, adv., prep., 'up, upwards, on, upon,' from MidHG. and OHG. df, adv., prep., ' upon ' ; corresponds to OSax. dp, AS. dp- Upp, and its equiv. E. up; Goth, iup, adv., 'upwards, aloft ' differs remarkably in its vowel. Probably pri mit. Teut. *ilppa, ' up,' is allied to cben and iibcr.

aufmuijen, see mufcen.

£ufv\xt)V, see 9hd)t.

aufttriegcht, see nriegeln.

Jluge, »•, 'eye,' from the equiv. Mid HG. ouge, OHG. ouga, n. ; a word common to Teut. ; comp. Goth, augd, OIc. auga, AS. edge, E. eye, Du. oog, OSax. 6ga, 'eye.' While numerous terms for parts of tlie body (comp. 2lrm, gufj, -£>erj, ^inn, Jtitte, Cr/f, &c.) are common to Teut. with the other Aryan dialects, it has not yet been proved that there is any agreement with respect to 9lucje between Teut. and Lat., Gr., Ind., <fec. Of course there is au unde- niable similarity of sound between the Aryan base oq, ' eye,' and Lat. oculus, Gr. 6tr<re for *6kJ€, 6<f>6dkfjU>s, Snra, &c, Sans. akSi, OSlov. oko, lath, aki-s, 'eye.'— Jlugcnltb, see Sib.

.ZUtflltff, m., formed, after being based anew on Lat. and Rom. augustus, from the equiv. MidHG. ougest, ougeste, OHG. augusto, agusto, m., ' August' (the genuine OGenn. term is (Jtntemonat, OHG. aran-mdnCt). Comp. Fr. aodt, Ital. agosto. It was bor- rowed in OHG. at the same time as Didvj and ajfai.

aus, adv. and prep., ' out, forth, from, by reason of,' from the equiv. MiilHG. and OHG. «&3, adv., prep. ; corresponds to Goth. dt, adv., ' out (thither, hence),' AS. dt, ' out (thither, hence), out of doors, outside,' E. out, Du. uit, prep., adv., 'out,' OSax. dt. Comp. aujjen, aupcr. The common Teut. dt (from dt-a ?) is based upon Aryan dd (ud) ; comp. Sans, ud, a verbal particle, ' out, out (thither), aloft, upwards.'

Jlusfafj, m., from the equiv. late Mid HG. dysatz, m., 'leprosy' ; a singular, late and regressive formation from the Mid HG. subst. d$setze nnd dyetzel^ leper,' Mid HG. tiyetzig, adj., ' leprous,' OHG. dys&zzo, dysdzeo, BL, ' leper ' ; lit. ' one who lives outside, separate ; those who were afflicted with leprosy were exposed. Considering

Aus

( i5 )

Bac

the very late appearance of the subst. SUtSfafc, in contrast to the early OHG. ti^sdzeo, 'leper,' there is no doubt that 9lu3fa{s is a recent formation, like &tcjer from avijetn. The Goth, word for leprosy is Jyrutsfill.

JUtfier, f., ' oyster,' ModHG. only, from earlier ModHG. "Aster, from Du. oester, which, with the equiv. AS. dstre, E. oyster, Fr. huitre, Ital. ostrica, is based upon Lat. ostrea, ostreum, Gr. 6<rrpeov, ' oyster, mussel.'

austveiben, see SBetbe and Stnge- toeibc.

auswenbiQ, see luenben.

Ctufcett, adv., 'outside, out of doors, without,' froni MidHG. A^en, OHG. H^ana, A^dn, adv., prep., 'out of doors, outside, out, without' ; corresponding to AS. Aton, adv., 'from without,' Goth. Atana, adv.,

prep., 'from without, outside, out' ; from OTeut. At. See auS.

aujjer, adv. and prep., ' except, unless, apart from, without,' from MidHG. A$er, OHG. ^30?-, prep., ' out— here ' ; corre- sponds to OSax. 'Alar.

JUef, f. (with a dental added as in £ufte, ^>abid>t, and Dbjl, &c), from the equiv. Mid HG. ackes (late MidHG. axt), f., OHG. acchus (plur. acchussi), f., ' axe.' It corre- sponds to OSax. accus, Du. aaks (from akes), AS. tex (from *03cces), E. ax, axe, OIc. ox, Goth, aqizi, f., ' axe.' The Teut. word is based upon Aryan agest, or rather agzt (akst) ; comp. the prim, cognate Gr. &£ivy, 'axe,' with which perhaps the equiv. Lat. ascia, in case it stands for ac-scia, is con- nected. Lat. acies, 'sharpness,' and Gr. d»cij, ' point,' as well as Sans, acri, ' edge ' (see &ljte, (Stfe), are not allied to &rt.

B.

bctctr, adj., from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. har (nom. MidHG. barer, barwtr, OHG. barir), adj., 'naked, bare, denuded, free, empty.' It corresponds to OSax. bar, AS. bar, E. bare, OIc. Lerr, 'naked, bare' ; Goth. *baza- is wanting. The r of the non-Goth, dialects is an old s (not r) as is proved by the affinity to OSlov. bom, Lith. basas, 'bare-footed,' which, as well as the Teut. adjs., point to an Aryan bhosd-s, ' denuded ' (with regard to the anti- quity of this idea see nacft). Comp. also Armen. bok, 'naked,' which is based upon bhosko- ; besides, E. bald (MidE. balled) points to a Goth, participle *bazl6ps (AS. *bodlod). Perhaps entbffjren is also con- nected with the root bhes. Comp. further barfdj.

~g&aas, m., ' master,' a LG. word ; comp. Du. baas; orig. perhaps it was a term of endearment used in addressing superiors (comp. 9hmm, SDJuljme, 83ube, Sufjle). It is undoubtedly connected with 93afe, 'aunt on the father's side,' because 93afe, 33aaS — 93afe(, are also titles given by domestics to their mistress. Yet it is astonishing that the area of diffusion of 93aa£, m. (LG.), and Safe, f. (MidG. and UpG), is different. Perhaps 'paternal' was the root idea of both word?.

Imbboln, see pa^eto.

"gSadj, m. (MidLG. and LG., fern.), from the equiv. MidHG. bach (plur. beche), m. (MidG. fern.), OHG. bah, m., 'brook.' Comp. OSax. bski, MidLG. beke, Du. beek ; a corresponding Goth. *baki-, m., is want- ing ; beside which the equiv. AS. becc, and OIc. bekkr (whence E. beck), m., presuppose a Goth. *bakki-. No Aryan root bhag- witli a meaning applicable here can be found ; both HG. barfen and Gr. xryi), ' source,' are scarcely allied to it, though Sans, bhanga, ' breach, wave ' (see 93ntdj) may be so.

~g&<X<f)burXQe, f., 'speedwell, brooklime' (Veronica beccabunga), from MidHG. bungo, OHG. bunge, 'bulb' ; allied to OIc. bingr, ' bolster,' and more remotely with Sans. baha, 'dense,' Gr. xaxfa?.

33ache, f., 'wild sow,' from MidHG. bache, OHG. bahho, m., 'ham, (flitch of) bacon' (Swiss and Bav. bachen) ; similarly the corresponding MidLat.ftoco and MidDu. bake mean 'ham, pork,' and 'pig.' Comp. Prov., OFr., and E. bacon, borrowed from Germ. The Teut. root bak contained in these cognates is further allied to the cog- nates of ModHG. 93atfe.

"■2.>ad)ftcIv-\ f-» ' water- wagtail,' formed from the equiv. MidHG. ica^erstelze, OHG. watferstelza ; the second part of the com- pound is connected with <&te(}e. This term is only HG.; comp. with it Du. kwikstaart,

Bac

( 16 )

Bag

Xorw. quickstiert, E. wagtail, LG. wippstert, Dan. vipstiert ; also Gr. ffei<roirvyls ltal. squassacoda, codatremola, cutrctta, Fr. hoche- queue ; but Span, andario, which meant lit ' brook-trotter.'

^ac&, n., 'a deep wooden dish, in which food is served for a certain number of the crew ' ; borrowed, like many technical terms of sea-life, from LG. ; LG. back, ' dish,' E. buck (' tub, vat ') ; com p. ModFr. bac, 'brewer's vat or tub,' borrowed from this word or the Du. bak. It has been derived from Late Lat. bacca, ' water ves- sel,' whence also Fr. bac, 'ferryboat,' Du. bak, E. bac, 'a flat-bottomed boat' Pro- bably S3ccfen is allied to it.

"jHadtborb, n., 'larboard,' from LG. (comp. the preceding word) ; com p. Du. bakboord (AS. bacbord), whence also the equiv. Fr. bdbord; lit. 'the left side of the ship to the back of the helmsman, who is steering with his right hand, the left hinder-part of the ship.' Du. and E. back is an OTeut. word, which was, however, very early obsolete in HG. (see the following word) ; OHG. bah, OSax. bak, AS. bcec, E. lack, OIc. bak, n., 'back,' Goth. *balc, n. From LG. is also derived HG. Sorb. See the latter.

jSadte (1.), 'gS a die it, nt, especially used in the compounds with 9lfd);, gutter;, hence the lit meaning, 'buttock.' The correct HG. form, which has the regular permutation of k to ch, is seen in Mid II G. cache, OHG. bahho, 'ham, flitch of bacon' (yet MidHG. also ars-backe, m.), which as 'bacon' made its way into OFr., and thence into Eng. also. Although it has been connected by the linguistic instinct of ModHG. with the following word, they are not allied ; it is more probable that 3kd)e and the stem bak, discussed under SJacfbcrb, is most closely connected with it.

33adie (2.), in., f., also "gBadiett, m. (the latter espec. in the compounds 93arfett$afnt, sjlretd)), 'cheek' ; from MidHG. baclce, m., 'jaw, jawbone, cheek.' OHG. has the doublets bacclio (whence the MidHG. and ModHG. ck) and bahho, which produce MidHG. bache. Comp. MidHG. kinntbache beside kinwbacke, which compound too, even in OHG. (as chinni-baliho), is more frequent than the simple word ; comp. OSax. kinni-bako, Du. hinnebakken. It is still uncertain whether Lat. bucca, 'cheek,' is allied to it ; its initial b might have arisen from bh, as in barba (see 93art) ; but

the two differ in meaning ; while the Lat. signifies ' the inflated cheek,' the G. word orig. denoted 'jaw.'

badictt, vb. (dial. UpG. bafyn), 'to bake,' from MidHG. backen, bachen, str. vb. ; doublets are found even in OHG. bacchan, bah/tan, str. vbs. ; OHG. cch is based upon the double consonants l:k (OSax. bakkeri, 'baker,' Du. baklcen, 'to bake); but ch presupposes a simple k. Comp. AS. baean, str. vb., E. to bake, as well as E. batch, from MidE. bacche, AS. *bcicce, where cc points to the ckof the Mod HG. word. Whether a Goth. *baltkan or *baqan, str. vb, must be presupposed is uncertain ; the pre-Teut. form of the verbal root is Aryan bh3g,&s is shown by its prim it. kinship to Gr. 4>(!ryu, 'I roast' ; the affinity of Lat fdcus, ' hearth,' is doubtful.

"23a6. n., 'bath,' from the equiv. Mid HG. bat{d), OHG. bad, n. ; comp. Du. bad, AS. bee]j, E. bath, OIc. 5aS, 'bath.' An important word in relation to the history of OTeut. civilisation ; even the Roman writers testify that bathing (comp. further laben) was a daily necessity to the Teutons. As a verb, a denominative was already formed in the OTeut. dialects, Mid HG. and ModHG. babett, from OHG. badun, Du. baden, AS. ba/rian, E. to bathe; Goth. *bap&n is not recorded. The dental of the cognates is derivative, hence ba (Aryan bhd) is the root syllable, (comp. bafjett, in that case allied to it), to which OSlov. banja, 'bath,' banjati, 'to wash, bathe,' be- longs.— jjjctoeit, the name of a place, is prop. dat. plur. of 93ab, 'at the baths' (so too E Bath) ; probably an imitation of Lat. aquae in names of places.

"gijafcer, m., 'barber,' from MidHG badaere, ' one who looks after the bathers in the bath-house.' " In the later period of the Middle Ages it was a custom to <:et the beard shaved and the hair cut by the SBaber at the end of the bath."

baf ! baff ! paff I onomatopoetic term for the report of a gun ; first occurs in ModHG. Allied to ModHG. bajfett, 'to bark,' from MidHG. baffeii, beffen; comp. MidE. bafferiy E. to beff; of recent onomat. origin.

bcifjett, ' to yelp,' derivative of bdffm.

bdgertt, ' to torment, plague,' prob. allied to OHG. bdgan, MidHG. bdgen, str. vb., 'to contend, quarrel.' Akin to Ir. bdgim, 'I contend,' bag, 'combat'; hence the Aryan root is bhigh, bh6gh.

Bag

( i7 )

Bal

■§3ag$er, m., ' dredging-machine ' ; like many Words with gg (comp. Slaggc), it is not prop. HG. (since gg in HG. must have been changed to ck), but from LG. bagger, identical with Du. bagger, ' mud at the bottom of water.'

bcifoert, vb., ' to warm by poultices, fo- ment, toast (bread),' from the equiv.MidllG. bain, bmjen, OHG. bdjan, bdan. The Teut. root is bi, from pre-Teut. bid, to which ba- of the OTeut. words for 53ab is related by gradation. The orig. sense of the primit. stem bhi, by gradation bha, was probably * to make warm by washing, bathing.'

"gSafytt, f., 'path, track, career,' from MidHG. bane, ban, f., m.,'road, way' ; allied to MidDu. bane, Du. baan. No word iden- tical with this is found in any of the older periods of the Teut. group. The cognates of bcljttftt are probably allied to it.

~§$ai)Ve, f., ' barrow, bier,' from the equiv. MidHG. bdre, OHG. b&ra, f.; Goth. *Mra or *berS, f. ; AS. beer, bcere, E. bi-r ; E. barrow (MidE. barewe), belongs to a dif- ferent gradation since it presupposes Goth. *barwa; comp. OIc. barar, plur. 'bier,' Goth. *bar6s. The pre-Teut. phonetic form is bhird-. From the OHG. word is derived the equiv. Ital. bara (barella), Fr. biere. The root is the primit. Aryan bher, ' to carry,' which is widely diffused, and ap- pears in ModHG. 33iitfce, gcMren, ©cbttrt, as well as in 3ubev; it occurs in Ind. as b/iar, In Gr. as <t>ep, in Lat. as jer. From this root the OTeut. languages, in agreement with all the other Aryan tongues, formed a str. vb., Goth, balvan, OHG. beran, Mid HG. bern (the latter means only 'to bear fruit, produce, give birth to'), AS. beran, E. to bear. Comp. espec. gefcdren.

"gScti (1.), f., 'bay of a window,' from MidHG. beie, 'window,' which with the following word is of Rom. origin ; comp. E. bay, Fr. baie, ' bay (of a window).'

"ggttt (2.), f., ' bay,' derived through LG. rfrom E. bay (MidE. baie), which was bor- rowed from Rom. ; Fr. baie, Ital. baja, Span, and Iber. (in Isidore), baja, 'haven' ; prop, identical with the preceding word.

"•J.iaftc, f., ' a mark at the entrance of a harbour as a warning against shallows, buoy'; from Fris. like other technical terms relating to the sea, Fris. bdken (comp. 23acf), whence LG. bdke, Du. baak. It is based upon Goth. *baukn, n., which by a regular change became bedcen, 'beacon,' in AS. ; comp. E. beacon and beckon. OHG.

bouhhan, MidHG. bouchen, OLG. bdean, ' beacon, model,' are corresponding terms. Thus the OTeut. word meant generally 'sign.' 5kfe has been restricted to a definite caution signal.

"gjttlbter, m., for ©artier.

^alc^e, f., see f&dd).

falcon, see 93alfeit.

bato, adv., ' soon, nearly, quickly,' based upon an OTeut. adj. which signified 'quick, bold, brave ' ; Goth, balps, ' bold,' preserved only in derivs., AS. beald (with the change of p after I to d, comp. 2Balb, fatten), E. bold, OIc. ballr, ' bold, impudent, auda- cious ' ; also OIc. baldr, AS. bealdor, ' prince,' whence the name of the god 53aftet. In HG. the meaning tended towards ' bold, quick ' ; OHG. and OLG. bald, MidHG. bait (gen. buldes). 'bold, zealous, quick' ; comp. Ital. baldo, 'bold.' The development of meaning of the OHG. adv. baldo, MidHG. balde, is thus ' boldly, — quickly, — imme- diately.' The abstract Sdlbe, which is con- nected with it, meant lit. 'boldness,' like Goth, balpei and OHG. baldl; MidHG. belde, 'audacity ' ; the meaning of the Mod HG. subst. is based immediately on the adv. To this word are allied proper names like S3afbuin, as well as Fr. Baudouin (ap- plied to the ass).

"g&albacfyixi, m., ' canopy,' not from Mid HG. baldekin, 'raw silk from Bagdad,' but from Ital. bahlacchino, which is identical with the MidHG. word, but has been spe- cialised in meaning to the canopy made from such stuff.

"§3aIortcw, m., 'valerian,' from MidHG. baldrian, from Lat. Valeriana; comp. the E. term.

"gSaleffei:, m., see SlrmBntfl.

"g-Jalft, m.,'skin, case, bellows, brat,' from the equiv. MidHG. bale (plur. beige), OHG. balg, plur. balgi, belgi, m. ; Goth, balgs, plur. balgeis, 'leather bottle,' lit. 'the flayed skin of an animal for keeping liquids.' On the root balgi- is based AS. belg, bylg, E. belly (93alcj, with the specialised meaning, 'swollen body'), and E. bdlmos, plur. The primary idea of the root is ' swelling out' ; from the same root the OTeut. dia- lects form a str. vb. belgan (see ^dttcr), meaning 'to swell' ; OIc. bOlgcnn, 'swollen' ; OHG. belgan, MidHG. belgen, 'to swell, be angry.' The pre-Teut. form of the stem according to the laws of the permutation of consonants is bhelgh, and to this corre- sponds Ind. barh (with the initial aspirate

B

Bal

( 18 )

Ban

displaced), 'to be great, strong' ; also Olr. bolgaim, ' I swell,' Ir. bolg, Gall.-Lat. bulga, ' bag.' It is also possible that HG. 93alcj is cognate with Lat. follis (from *folvis, */olg- vu). Comp. farther SBulcje.

bahien, vb., lit. ' to talk angrily, quar- rel,' then ' to cudgel ' ; derived from the verbal root belg, ' to swell out,' discussed under 93atg ; comp. OHG. belgan, MidHG. belgen, meaning ' to be angry.'

"•J.hrtkcn. m., ' beam, baulk, loft,' from the equiv. MidHG. ba'ke, OHG. balcho, m. ; comp. AS. balca, E. baulk, Du. balk, ' baulk' ; in Scaud. beside the corresponding bdlkr, * fence, boundary-line,' there occurs with a different gradation bijdlk-, 'baulk' (Goth. *lrUka), in AS. likewise bolc<>, 'gangway' (Goth. *bulka). From Teut. balkoii, Fr. balcon and Ital. balco are derived. The Aryan form of the root is bhalg, hence Gr. (pd.Xa.'yii, <f>d\ayy-os, 'oval piece of wood, trunk of a tree,' has been compared with it, but the nasal of the second syllable ren- ders the comparison dubious.

j!.>ttU, (1.) m., 'challenge (of hounds),' belongs to the stem of befleu.

2,ialt (2.), m.. 'ball,' from the equiv. MHG. bal (gen. balles) or balle, ballen, m. OHG. ballo, m., balla, f. ; AS. *bealla is wanting ; E. ball (MidE. balle) is borrowed from the Rom. word Fr. balle, which was ob- tained from German. OIc. bollr, ' ball,' pre- supposes Goih. *ballu8. The root bal- ap- pears also with a further gradation in 53olle (in QJolfier too?) ; comp. further 23cf(eit.

p.Jall (3.), m., 'dancing entertainment,' from Fr. bal, ' ball ' ; OFr. bailer, ' to dance,' and its Rom. cognates have been derived from Gr. /SaMtfw, ' I dance.'

■^.Jallaft, in., ' ballast,' like other mari- time expressions, from LG. ; comp. Du. bal- last, E. ballast. In MidHG. simply last, ' ballast,' whence the equiv. Fr. lest is de- rived. The first component of the com- pound is obscure ; it is scarcely of Irish origin (Kelt. 6a/, ' sand '), nor is it likely to be identical with OIc. bdra, 'sea.' On account of Dan. baglest, ' ballast.' the least improbable derivation is from bak, ' back,' discussed under 93acfe (1.). 93a((ajl might perhaps be ' load behind or in the rear.'

"2.5aUci, f., 'jurisdiction,' from MidLat. ballia, formed from Fr. bailli, bailif, 'steward' (MidLat. balltvus, E. bailiff), which is formed from Lat. bajulus, with the suffix -tvus.

"2.$ttHert, m., ' bale, pack,' identical with

4-8a((, which, as MidHG. allt and OHG. ballo show, was formerly a weak masc. ; in con- nection with the difference of form arose a difference of meaning; orig. sense 'round bundle of paper,' then 'a certain quantity of rolled or packed paper.' E. bait and Du. baal are borrowed from Fr. balle (also bal- lon), which was again obtained from Germ.

ballen, vk, 'to clench (the fiUtV from MidHG. ballen, 'to form into a ball.'

baHf)onuperen,vb.,Derbani)ortten, ' to make worse by altering ' ; derived from 58alll)orH,a publisher in LUbeck (1531-1599), who in his 'enlarged and improved' edi- tions of an ABC book was always making fresh mistakes in his 'emendations.'

"JMrtlfam. m., 'balm, balsam,' from the equiv. MidHG. ha/same, balsem, m , OHG. balsamo, m. ; Goth, balsan, with a very re- markable deviation ; comp. Arab, balasdn. The Germ, word is derived from Gr.-Lat. balsamum {fiakaanov), whence also Fr. baumc (E. balm), Ital. balsamo.

"£).>al ], m., ' pairing time (of birds),' from MidHG. baize (besides valz), m. ; of obscure origin.

bammeln, also bctmbdn, vb., 'to dangle,' first recorded in M'»dHG.. hence it may be an onomatopoetic word collateral with btntmetn, bemmeltt, ' to tinkle.'

"g3anb (1.), m., ' volume,' orig. identical with the following word.

^Scmo (2.), n., ' band, ribbon,' from binDm; MidHG. bant, plur. bender (and bant), n., OHG. bant, plur. bentir (and bant). Comp. OSax. band, Du. band, m.,OIc. bandy Goth, by another derivation bandi (whence AS. bend, E. bend, as well as a later band derived from Fr. bande). See the preced- ing and the following word.

"p.)cm6c, f., 'cushion,' in 93U(arbbanbf, from Fr. bande; similarly derived in the sense of ' crew.' The Rom. word — Fr. bande (Ital. banda), ' band, strip, gang, troop,' is derived from OHG. bant, Goth, bandi.

bdnoicten, vb., ' to restrain, tame,' from bdnbtii, ordinarily only in the compound unbattbig ; MidHG. bendec, ' tightly bound, fettered,' hence bdnbiflcn, ' to put in fetters.'

battgC, adj. ami adv., 'anxious(ly), uneasy, uneasily,' from MidHG. and MidLG. bange, adv., 'anxiously,' and subst. 'anxiety, tare.' The root is ange, which further appears in Slitcjfl ; as enge is the cor- responding adj., batute can only be based on the MidHG. adv. ange, OHG. ango, the adv. afterwards becoming an adj. The b

Ban

( 19 )

Bar

lias arisen from the unaccented prefix be (bt), as g in ajaubeit, Qtabe, from ge. See bariitfKrjtg, bleiben.

"§3angcrf , m., ' orchard,' for bdn-, bdm- gart, MidHG. boumgartej comp. 9? aunt and ©arteit.

^IJanft, f., ' bank, bench, reef,' from the equiv. MidHG. banc, plur. benke, OHG. banch, plur. benchi, m., f. ; comp. AS. bene, f., E. bench, OIc. beklcr. Besides the stem bariki- (from pre-Teut. bhangi-), Teut. pos- sessed others which are recorded in words borrowed by Romance ; comp. Ital. banco, banco, pa»ca, Fr. banc, banque, &c See the following words.

"gjemfcert, earlier SBanfart, SSanfljari, m., ' bastard, bantling,' from MidHG. banchart, m., 'illegitimate child,' lit. ' a child begot- t- n upon the bench'; a compound of $3anf. The second part is sljart, appearing in proper names as ©ebbart, diehityart, and is formed by assimilation to Skftarb (older 93ajlart, also written 23ajlr/art).

"2«Janhctf, n., 'banquet,' borrowed be- fore the middle of the 16th cent, from Fr. banquet, which (with Fr. banc, Ital. banco, ' table ') was perhaps derived from the German stem of 93anf.

"2.> arm, m., ' ban, outlawry, decree,' from MidHG. and OHG. ban(nn), m., ' order under threat of punishment, prohibition ; jurisdiction and its sphere.' It corresponds to AS. bann, E. ban, and belongs to an obso- lete s:r. vb. bannan, of which the primary meaning was 'to order or forbid under threat of punishment.' The root is sup- posed to be la, pre-Teut. bha- ; nn was perhaps a suffix (comp. riiuien), and pro- perly belonged only to the pres. of the str. vb., but was afterwards joined to the ver- bal stem. To this pre-Teut. bha- belongs, in accordance with the permutation of con- sonants, Gr. <f>a. in <pd-ffKu, (fry-fii and Lat. fa in /any the Teut. meaning must then have been very definitely specialised. From the Teut. word the Rom. cognate Fr. ban, ' public proclamation' (OFr. arban, 'arriere ban '), is derived.

"planner, m., 'banner, militia,' from MidHG. bauer, more usual banier, baniere, f., from Fr. banniere, which has been de- rived from the stem of Goth, bandwa, bandwC, 'sign.' Comp. MidLat. bandum in Paul the Deacon, lvexillum quod ban- dum appellant. See fattier.

pjjanfe, f., 'space in a barn near the threshing-floor,' from MidG. and LG. ; the

word is wanting in MidHG. and OHG. From *bans- arose AS. bos. E. dial, boose (boosy, ' cattle-trough '), and OIc. bass, ' cow- house.' The Goth, has bansts, f., ' barn,' in which the stem has been increased by the deriv. -ti-.

tbox, adj. suffix which is derived from a complete adj., properly bare, MidHG. bare, OHG. bdri; it means lit. 'bearing,' comp. fructytbar, (ajtbar. also banfbat ; later on, when it became a suffix, it assumed the present meaning. The older adj. is a verbal form of the str. vb. beran (see under SJafyre), Teut. root ber (Aryan biter), ' to bear, carry.' In AS. too -bcere appears, e.g. in wmstmbebre, ' fertile,' leblUbdbre, ' Lucifer.'

ji3ar (1.), m., ' (paving) beetle,' from MidHG. bern, ' to strike, beat,' whence also Mid HG. ber, f., ' blow, stroke.' OHG. berjan, Goth. *barjan, agrees by the per- mutation of consonants with Lat. ferio, 'I strike,' as well as OBulg. borja, ' I fight ' (OIc. berjask, ' to fight') ; it is based on the root bhtr, ' to strike.'

2$ar (2.), m., 'bear.' The Lat. name of the animal (ursus) descends from the pre-Aryan period, just as Gr. dp/rros and Ind. rkSa-s (ursus for *urcsus). It is re- markable that the Teutons have aban- doned this old Aryan term for 'bear' (rlcs6s, Teut. orhsa-s), since they have re- tained other names of animals. In Mid HG. we have ber, OHG. b'ero, AS. bera, E. bear, OIc, bjorn, ' bear ' (Goth. *baira). The Teut. beron- is a subst. form based upon an Aryan adj. bliero-, equiv. to Lith. beras, ' brown ' (Lat. furvus ?), from the root of which, bher and ModHG. 93tbcr, braun, may also be derived; in using the adj. as a subst. the Aryan rksos is understood. Note that 23raun is the name of the bear in the OG. animal fables.

"23dr (3.), m., ' brood -boar,' from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. bir, 111., which, with OSax. bir-sicin, AS. bdr, E. boar, points to Goth. *baira-.

"•llarbe, f., ' barbel,' from MidHG. barbe, f., OHG. barbo, in., which is based upon the equiv. Lat. barbus. The fish derived its name from barba, 'beard,' on account of its beard-like appendages ; from the Lat. word comes Fr. barbeau (from Mid Lat. barbellus), whence E. barbel, as well as barb; comp. also Ital. barbio, M>arbel.'

"pjarbicr, m., ' barber,' early ModHG. only, borrowed from Fr. barbier (MidLat. barbarius, ' barber ').

Bar

( 20 )

Bar

"23ctrcf), in., 'castrated hog,' from Mid HG. bare (barges), OHG. barug and barh; comp. AS.bear/i, bearg, E. barrow, Du. 6an/, berg, OIc. bqrgr; Goth. *bargws (*b ngus). No evidence of a pre-Teut. stem bharg/i, bhark, for ' hog,' can be adduced from Other languages. Lat. verres and Sans. vardha-s, ' boar,' cannot be allied to it, any more than Lat. porcus, which belongs to gerfel. It is more probable that Russ. borov (primit. Slav. *borovu) is a cognate.

■j$ard)ettt, m., 'fustian,' from MidHG. barchant, barchdt, barchet, m^ formed from MidLat. barcdnus, ' cloth from camels' hair ' ; derived, like 93erfan, from Arab. barrakdn, ' coarse stuff.'

1$areff, n., 'skull-cap, hood,' adopted in the 15th cent, from Fr. barrette, MidLat. birrStta, a deriv. from L:it. birrus, birrum, 'cloak, pallium.'

■gSctrfee, f., 'barque, boat,' from the equiv. MidHG. barke, f. ; corresponds to Scand. barke, 'barque' ; not of Germ, ori- gin. The cognates are based upon an equiv. Rom. class with the primit. forms barca- bariea (found even in the 7th cent, in Isidore) ; comp. Fr. barque (besides OFr. barge, from MidLat. barica; whence E. barife, LG. S3arfe), Ital. barca; Olr. bare is of similar oiigin. The ultimate source of the cognates (Spain?) is uncertain.

■jSdrlctpp, m., 'club-moss' ; orig. sense ' bear's paw ' ; comp. the Lat.-Gr. term lyco- podium formed from it ; allied to OHG. lappo, lit. 'palm of the hand.'

jScirme, f., 'yeast,' borrowed from the equiv. LG. barme, m., which corresponds to AS. beorma and E. barm. Lat. fermen- turn (if it does not belong to formus, Gr. 8epn6s, ' warm ') is perhaps akin to it. Teut. b, Lat. /, are Aryan bh.

baxmfyer^xQ, adj., 'compassionate,' from the equiv. MidHG. barmherzic ; related to ModHG. and MidHG. erbarmen, OHG. ir- barmSn. This stem has been connected with a Teut. word barm, ' bosom ' (E. barm, from AS. bearm, Goth, barms, OHG. and OLG. burm, MidHG. barm, m.) ; hence erbarmen means lit. 'to cherish in one's bosom, press to one's heart.' Perhaps the equiv. Goth. arman, 'to move to pity,' and armaid, 'compassion,' stand in a similar relation to Slrm, the lit. meaning of the verb being 'to take in one's arms, cherish.' Others, however, are of opinion that trbarmen con- tains a b derived from bi (like bange, derived from bwange), so that it would be more akin

to Goth, arman. But in that case either a secondary meaning, 'misericors,' in addi- tion to 'miser,' must be assumed for Teut. arm, for which there is no support ; or we niu-t regard it as an imitation of a Lat.- Chri.-t. term, Goth, arman, horn arms, like Lat. misereri, from miser; indeed 0 HG. arm- herzi, 'misericors,' and irbarmherzida (Goth. armahalrtifra), ' misericordia,' render it cer- tain that Christianity coined the words to express a Lat.-Christ. idea ; comp. Scmut, ©iiabe, &c.

j$artt, m., 'crib, hayrack above the crib,' from the equiv. MidHG. bam, m., OHG. barno, m. ; AS. bern, E. barn, is equiv. to Germ. <2d)euer. The Germ, and Eng. words are not, perhaps, identical, but only of a cognate stem ; the stem of the Eng. word is bar-, which appears in Goth. *baris, ' barley,' AS. bere, E. barley, and is cotrnate with Lat. far, j 'arris, ' spelt,' OBulg. burii, 'a species of millet' ; AS. bern is ex- plained from bere-ern, ' barley-house.'

"§3aron, m., ' Baron,' not from the equiv. MidHG. barun, but from the Fr. and MidL Rhen. form baron, which is found in the 16th cent. ; MidLat. baro, baronis, is by some based on Kelt, bar, 'man,' and by others on AS. beorn or on OHG. baro, 'man, vassal.'

"gjarre, f., ^arrcn, m., 'bar, ingot,' from MidHG. barre, f., ' bolt, railing,' which comes from Fr. barre.

jScttfd), m., 'perch,' from the equiv. MidHG. bars, m. ; there is also a deriv. form MidHG. and OHG. bersich; comp. the corresponding Du. baars, AS. bars, bears, E. dial, barse (bass) ; allied to the com- pounds Sw. abborre, Dan. aborre (rr from rs), with the same meaning. The cognates cannot have been borrowed from the equiv. Lit. perca; they are more akin to the Teut root bars (bors) in 93crjk, Sh'irjlf, signifying ' to be bristly.'

baxfd), adj., 'rough, rude,' a modern word, appearing also in Du. (larsch) and Sw. (barsk), but foreign to theUpG. dialects. It is not found in OTeut. In Swiss dialects the term is barodsch (with the accent on the second syllable), in which perhaps the base of barftfy is preserved ; Ital. brusco (Fr. brusque) may be connected with it. In Swiss occurs also bars' in the phrase bars' gd, 'to go alone' ; it also means 'without a hat, a coat.' Both significations point to its deriv. from bar. Yet barfeb may have originated in the Teut. root bars, 'to be

Bar

( 21 )

Bat

bristly, rough,' mentioned under tlie pre- ceding word, especially as Du. barsch means lit. ' rough.'

"§3arf, m., 'heard, cornh, harb,' from the equiv. MidHG. bart, OHG. bart, m. ; comp. Du. baard, AS. and E. beard. For this Teut. word, the existence of which is proved by the ethnical term gattgobartm to be ex- tremely remote, skegg was used in Scand. The pre- Teut. form of Goth. *barda, f., was, in accordance with the permutation of consonants, bhardhd — which is also pre- sumed by OSlov. Lrada (with the usual loss of aspiration and metathesis of the r), and Lat. barba (with b for dk when next to r, comp. rot, SBort ; the initial b is from bh, as in 33arfe ; in other cases initial bh is Lat./). Com p. also Li th. barzdd, • beard ' (for *barJd).

"gUarte (1.), f., 'broad axe,' from the equiv. MidHG. barte, OHG. barta, f. ; in Bav.-Suab. the word,, which is properly North G., does not occur ; allied to ODn. and OSax. barda, OIc. barfia (OFr. barde, 'hatchet,' is borrowed from Teut.). From this word OSlov. bradyj., 'axe,' is borrowed. The words are derivatives of the stem bhardh- appearing in 93art ; the axe is, as it were, 'the bearded thing,' OIc. skeggja, ' broad axe,' being related in a similar way to skegg, 'beard'; likewise MidE. barbe (from Lut.-Rom. barba) signifies, among other things, 'edge of the axe.' Comp. .£>c{(ct\ufce.

jJ3arfe(2.), f., 'baleen,' aderiv. of ©art, first occurring in ModHG., and akin to 93arte ; comp. E. barbs, from Lat. barba; Du. baarden, plur.

~g&afe, f. (dialect, designating any of the remoter degrees of relation on the female side, e.g., in the Basle dial, 'aunt, niece, cousin'), 'cousin, aunt,' from Mid HG. base, OHG. basa, ' father's sister ' ; the AS. and Fris. dialects have a word allied to aktct; AS. fajru, OYrit.fethe. The Teut. type fapdn is certainly only a term of en- dearment for fa/jar-, fadar-suestar, ' father's sister.' Probably OHG. basa is also a pet or childish name for the proper badar-, fadar-siresd. The same might be said of the variant MidG. and LG. IBaff, and with the necessary qualifications of the masc. SBaafl.

■^iJafl, m., ' inner bark of trees, husk,' from the equiv. MidHG. bast (also buost with gradation), OHG. *bast, iu., n. It corresponds to AS. bast, E., Du. and OIc. bast, Goth. *bastus. Hence the deriv. OHG. and MidHG. besten, ' to strap,' as well as the

Rom. cognate basto, ' pack-saddle ' (>ee under 33ajtait), with which Swiss bast, ' saddle,' agrees. There is no justification for deriving the words from binfcctt, for the absence of the nasal, the occurrence of st (for which we should have expected ss from dh + t), and the gradation in MidHG. buost render such a derivation impossible. The resemblancein sound between thisword and bittbcn proves nothing as to the etymology ; this popular and superficial derivation w;;s suggested by the use of bast. The Teut. word, which is more probably connected with the root bes appearing in Scfeti, found its way into Rom. ; comp. Ital. basta, ' bast- ing, stitching.'

"glaff orb, m., ' bastard,' from Fr. bdtard, baslard (Ital. bastardo), borrowed in the Middle Ages (MidHG. bastart). MidE. bast, ' illegal marriage,' and OFr. fils de baft, 'illegitimate son,' indicate the pri- mary meaning of the Rom. word, which came to England with William L, and at a later period made its way to Scandinavia. The. OFr. bastard (Fr. bdtard) has a Teut. termination ; see Stknfcrt. The first part of the word, which in MidE. and OFr. signi- fies ' illegal marriage,' is generally derived from MidLat. and Rom. bastum, ' pack- saddle ' ; comp. Ital. and Span, basto, Fr. bdt, 'pack-saddle.' SJajkrb would then mean 'the son of a pack saddle' (comp. SBafi) — the saddles serving the Spanish muleteers as beds ; comp. SBattfert. Scand. bastarfir, whence some would derive the modern Europ. word, did not reach the North be- fore 1200 a.d. nearly.

■23a(Ict, f., 'bastion,' from earlier Mod HG. bastte; comp. OFr. bastie (allied to Oltal. bastire; Fr. bdtir) ; it is akin to 5kftion, f., borrowed from Fr. bastion, Ital. bastione.

£!3ctg (1.), m., ' ba«s,' derived like many other musical terms from Ital. (basso).

bctfo (2.), compar. adv., 'better,' from the equiv. MidHG. ba^, OHG. 603 ; comp. OSax. bat-bet, AS. bet from batiz (Goth. *batis) ; it is an old adv. from the adj. dis- cussed under beffrc. The almost invariable use at. present of the adv. bcffcr, instead of the older bajj, is due to the fact that the formation of the adv. was no longer under- stood, and that the adj. at the same time has in every case assumed an adv. function.

"2.>atbcnjicl. m-i 'germander,' a corrup- tion of Lat. betonicula, dimin. of Lat. be- tonica, whence MidHG. batdnje.

Bat

( 22 )

Ban

■gSaljeit, m., 'a coin' (about a penny), from MidHQ. batze, m., 'small coin of the town of Bern with the Bernese coat of arms, a bear' (MidHG. beta, ModHG. 33afc, $efc) ; comp. J?reujet, SRappen. Hence Ital. baszo, 'money.'

7J.5mt, m., ' construction, structure,' from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. bu, in. See bauen, fflube.

~j&aii($), m., 'belly, bulge,' from the equiv. MidHG. buch, OHG. buh (hh), m. ; the corresponding AS. buc (E. dial, buck, ' the inner part of a carriage ') has the same meaning ; OIc. bukr, ' body, waist.' It is uncertain whether 33aud) belongs to the Sans, root bhuj (corap. L it. fungor), * to take food,' or to Sans, bhuj, 'to bend' (Saucr-, lit. 'the flexible part'). Perhaps it is connected with Gr (pfoica (for <f>vy<TKa ?), ' stomach, blister ' ?. It is certainly not akin to AS. bodig, E. body, OHG. botah, * body,' nor is it allied to Gr. <f>a.ytiv, * to eat ' (Sans. bhaj, ' to enjoy, partake of).

baud)Ctt, vb., ' to steep in hot lye ' (LG. biiken, MidLG. bAken), from the equiv. Mid HG. buclien, OHG. *buhMn; E. to buck (dial, to bonk), for which even a MidE. term bouken occurs a few times, points to AS. *bucian; to these Swed. byka, ic. bauka, and Norw. boykja, are allied. Tiie word is, moreover, diffused through most of the Tent, languages, and correctly represents MidHG. bile/ten/ only in the Bav. dialect is the word unrecorded. Hence the exist- ence of a Tent, verbal root buk (to which AS. buc, ' pail,' is allied ?) is undoubted, and the Rom. cognate, Fr. buer (Ital. bucare), 1 to wash,' is more probably borrowed from the Tent than vice versd. The Kelt origin of baitcbett (Bret, boukat, ' to soften ') is im- possible.

"23cutbe, see 93ube.

batten, vb., 'to build, construct, culti- vate,' from MidHG. buioen, OHG. and OLG. buan (weak vb. with traces of a strong inflexion), ' to dwell, inhabit, till, plant' ; with regard to the meaning ' to dwell,' comp. 93au, 93auer, and SBube. To the OHG. buan corresponds Goth, bauan, ' to dwell, inhabit.' The root, in accordance with the law of the permutation of con- sonants, is pre-Teut. bhU, which, on com- parison with Sans. b/<H, Gr. #tfw, Lat. fui (futurus), &c, must mean • to be, become, arise, beget,' With the same root are con- nected the following nouns, which are of importance in determining its primary

sense : OInd. bhumw, ' earth,' bhutis, ' tence,' <f>vfia, 'produce' (comp. also QJauni), <t>6fftt, ' nature,' <pv\ov, <f>v\^, ' trihe, race.'

jSctuer (l.),n.and m., ' birdcage,' a word foreign to the UpG. dialects, from MidII< :. bur, used only in the sense of 'sojourn, birdcage ;' but OHG. IrAr has the further meaning of 'house, chamber.' AS. bur, 'dwelling' (to which E. neighbour from AS. neahgebur is related ; similarly the more general meaning of 93auet appears in HG. SRadjbarX E. bower, with which E. dial. bire (' cowhouse '), AS. bfire, is connected. The pre-Teut. form would be bhur6, with ro as a deriv. sulrix. See the three follow- ing words.

gaiter (2.), m., in Crrbauer, SHcferbaiicr, ' tiller,' from MidHG. bAwcere, OHG. b&dri (Goth. *bauareis is wanting), the term lor the agent, from batten.

^axxex (3-)> ni., 'rustic, peasant,' histo- rically and etvmologically different from 95aucr (2.), for the MidHG. form is geb&r, OHG. giburo, m., which belongs to the OTeut. bur, 'dwelling.' discussed under 93aucr (1.), and meanslh. ' co-dweller, joint- occupier,' then ' neighbour, ft llow-ciiizen ' (comp. @efe[(e, ' one who shares the same room '), and at a later period ' fellow-villa- ger, peasant, boor.' See also 91acfobar.

"g&autn, m., ' tree,' from the equiv. Mid HG. and OHG. bourn, m. ; corresponds to OSax. Mm, Du. boom, AS. beam, m., 'tree,' whence E. beam (beam in sunbeam is quite another word ; G. Saum is E. tree) ; E. boom is LG. and Du. Mm, ' tree.' The correspond- ing Goth, bagms and OIc. batSmr have the same phonetic form. The cognates, with Gr. <f>vfia, ' produce/are usually derived from the Teut. root bA, Aryan bl<u\ ' to become, arise,' discussed under bauen.

bautnetn, vb., simply ModHG. 'to hover as on a tree' ?. See, however, bummefii.

bdumctt, vb., 'to rear,' ModHG. only, lit. ' to lift, oneself up like a tree.'

jSaufcf), ui., 'pad, bolster,' from Mid HG. busc/t, m., 'cudgel, blow causing blis- ters, swelling.' If ' cudgel ' is the primary sense, the word may be connected with MidHG. b6$en, OHG. bS^an, from bautan see Slmbefj, 93eutd, Setfu^) ; bAt- would be another stage in gradation, and before the suffix sch from sk the dental would inevi- tably disappear ; comp. h:\t.fustis, 'cudgel,' from *bhdd-stis.

bemfett, vb., 'to carouse, swell,' from 93au$, MidHG. bAs, 'inflation, swelling due

Bau

(

Eee

to repletion'; the like stem also in E. to bouse, Mid LG. b&scn, ' to carouse ' ?.

^cmfen, plur., 'buildings,' ModHG. only, from bauen.

baxen, vb., 'to box, cuff,' from LG. bdxen, which is again allied to OHG. bd- gan, MidHG. bdgen. St?e bdgern and 93cttget.

"gSajctr, m., ' bazaar,' ModHG. only ; borrowed from Fr. bazar (ultimate source Pers. bdzdr, 'market-place').

be-, prefix from MidHG. be, properly a verbal prefix from OHG. and Goth. &?, which has no definite meaning ; identical with the prep, bet, from OHG. and MidHG. bt (Goth, bi), AS. bt, E. by. For be there appears a shorter syncopated form in battgc, (Srbarmcn ? barfcfy ? bietbett, S3locf. See speci- ally bei.

bebett, vb., ' to tremble, shake,' from MidHG. biben, OHG. bibin, ' to shiver, tremble ' ; Gr. <f>^ofiat, on account of the non-permutation of P to p and because of the e oi the root syllable, cannot be origi- nally cognate with bfben. The OTeut. word hasiy coiiip. OSax. b'66a, OIc. bifa, AS. beo- Jian (from bikdn). OHG. bibit, ' he trembles,' corresponds exactly to Sans. bibhiti, ' he is afraid,' in which bi- (for bid) is the redupli- cated syllable, and bhi for bhai is the aug- mented root syllable. The OInd. verb bid, ' to be afraid,' forms its pres. by reduplica- tion— bibhimi, bibhesi, bibhiti; to these Goth. *bibaim, *bibais, *bibai}>, would cor- respond ; this present was then, on account of its apparent deriv. ai, classed among the weak verbs in ai (Goth, habaijy, OHG. ha- bit). The root bht (Sans, bhi, ' fear,' bhimd, * fearful ') is found in OSlov. boja sg, ' I urn afraid,' besu, * demon,' Lith. bybti-s, ' to be afraid,' bdime, ' fear,' bajus, ' terrible,' baisd, ' fright ' (and perhaps Mod HG. betlen). Bi- is one of the lew examples of reduplication in the pres. tense preserved in the Tent, group (comp. jittern), just as the perfect ModHG. tl)dt, from OHG. teta, is the sole instance of reduplication preserved in the perf. tense.

"§3ec^cr, m., 'beaker, goblet,' from the equiv. MidHG. b'echer, OHG. behhar, beh- hdri, m. ; comp. OLG. bikeri, Du. beker, OIc. bikarr, whence MidE. biker, E. beaJcer. These cognates are derived from LowLat. bicarium, allied to Lat. bacar (' vas vina- rium,' according to Festus), and still appear- ing in Ital. bicchiere. The Lat. word was naturalised in Germany perhaps as far back as the 7th cent., probably at the same

period as JMcfy, since its c was changed into hh, ch.

~*.\cd\, m., 'baker,' only dial. (Alem., Suab., Bav.), from MidHG. becke, OHG. tyccho, akin to bacfen ; the Goth, form may have been *baqja; ModHG. SBecfer is a recent form with the termination -er de- noting the agent (AS. bcecere, E. baker). Iu ModHG. 33ecf, SBcecfb,, as well as 93dcfcr, have been preserved as family names.

^cdiClt, n., 'bowl, basin,' from Mid HG. becken, becke, OHG. tycchtn, beccht, n. ; the latter comes (comp. @d)ufie() from Low- Lat. and Rom. bacctnum (comp. Ital. bacino, Fr. bassiri), ' basin ' ; its cc being double, did not undergo permutation, but remained as cc, ck. Baccctnum lias been derived Irom the LateLat. bacca, 'vas aquarium,' discussed under 5kcf ; comp. spitfelfjaube.

*g$ebc, f., ' gratuity ;' borrowed from the LG. bede. It corresponds to MidHG. bete, 'command,' which still exists in ModHG. with the meaning 'request, prayer.'

"giJeere, f., 'berry,' from the plur. of the equiv. MidHG. ber, OHG. 6gn, n. ; comp. Goth. *busi (only in weinabasi, n , ' grape ' ; OSax. wtnheri). The OHG. r in beri pre- supposes a Goth, bazi; to the 8 of the Goth, word Du. bes corresponds ; in AS. berie, E. berry, the a has been changed into r. See, however, Seftitg. Foreign cognates are want- ing ; yet the Sans, root bhas, 'to chew,' is perhaps akin (Goth, basi, orig. 'the edible substance'?); no connection with OHG. beran, ' to carry ' (see ge bdten), or Lat. bacca, ' berry,' is possible.

'p.Jcct, n., 'bed (of a garden)' ; earlier ModHG. SBctt still common to UpG. ; really identical with ©ctt, for the MidHG. has bet, bette, OHG. betti, meaning also ' (garden) bed.' According to its form 93cet (comp. Stette') has arisen from the neut. siiifr. badi, Qktt from the cases in dj (gen. badjis, dat. badja, neut. ace. plur. badja, &c). Comp. Goth. neut. sing, badi, neut. plur. badja. E. bed is also used in the same sense as 58cet (so even in AS. riscbed), E. bed of rushes, hotbed.

"g&cclc, f., ' beetroot.' This word, like the names of many other edible vegetables, has come from Lat. ; bita was borrowed even before the 8th cent, and naturalised in Germ., for it appears as bie$a (the ie from i, comp. ^Jrieftcr, QJrief, SxtQtl, fRicntf, Spiegel, OHG. Pietar, from Lat. I'etrum, &c.), With the permutation of t to 3 ; whence Mid HG. biey. The ModHG.' $)e«te may have

Bef

( 24 )

Bei

been based anew on Lat. bita, or bare been taken from the LG. btte, thus displacing the older bie$e, which is still found in Bav. From Lat. and Rom. bita (Itul. bieta, F. bctte), AS. bite (whence E. beet) is also derived. In another group of words borrowed from Lat., Lat. i became t (com p. Qxiet, from firiae) ; hence the dial, beifse (ei from Mid HG. t) also appears occasionally for beete, biey.

bcfefylett, vb., 'to order, command, com- mend,' MidHG. bevel/ten, becelen, 'to hand over, entrust, deliver, command'; OHG. bifelhan, bifelahan, ' to hand over ' (also ' to hide, bury, entrust, recommend '). The chief meaning of the Goth. str. vb. filhan in compounds with the particles ga-, vs-, is also ' to bury ' ; anafilhan approximates the ModHG., 'to command, enjoin'; it means 'to give, hand over, commend, recommend.' AS. bef Man (for befeolhan), 'to entrust, make over, devote oneself.' Hence the primary meaning of the primit. Teut. str. vb. bifelhan is ' to entrust, hand over, hide.' The Teut. root felh- is based upon pre-Teut. felh ; it is a mistake, there- fore, to connect the word on account of its earlier meaning, ' to bury,' with Lat. sepe- lire.

~g&off<£)Cn, n., 'a clergyman's bands,' diminut. ofbeffe (LG.), ' amess, cap worn by officials in Rom. Catli. churches,' the origin of which is obscure. In MidHG. both words are wanting ; the latter is found even in MidLG.

bcgebrcn, vb., ' to desire, crave, re- quest,' from the equiv. MidHG. begem, chiefly in the simple form g'ern, OHG. g'er&n ; the r probably belongs to the stem, because gem as a no-partic. points in that direction ; comp. gent, @ier.

begirmcit, vl>., 'to begin,' from the equiv. Mid H.G.beginnen,OHG.beginnan ; it corresponds to Goth duginuan, AS. &-, be-, on-ginnant E. tobegin, OLG. biginnau, with a similar meaning. This verbal stem, which appears at an early period only in a compound form, is based upon a pre-Teut. to-, bhi-Icemc6, with permutation of k to Teut. g. For the Aryan root ken comp. OBulg. po-£lna (infih. po-fyti), 'to begin,' konl, ' beginning.'

bef)ttftcrt, vb. (to which fceljaglidj is allied), ' to be comfortable,' from the equiv. MidHG. behagen; OSax. bihagdn, AS. on- hag'an, 'to suit, pleise,' OIc hagay 'to ar- range.' OG. has only a str. participle, OHG.

bihagan, MidHG. behagen, ' fresh, joyous, comfortable' (hence ModHG. tad SMjaatti, Uitbcfiaaen) ; the old str. vb. no longer exists in Teut. Probably the Ind. root cak is primitively related to it— gakn&mi, ' am strong, able, helpful, beneficial,' fahrd-s, •strong'; comp. further #ag, £erfe, and r/fgen, which with the same phonetic form approximate the earlier meaning 'to help, protect.'

behctupfen, vb., 'to mantain, assert,' not from MidHG. behaupten, which means ' to behead.' This word, which first ocean in ModHG., is rather derived with a change of meaning from MidHG. behaben, 'to hold fast, keep, maintain.'

bcbenbe, adj., 'nimble, agile, active,' from MidHG. behende, adv., ' suitably, con- veniently, skilfully, quickly ' ; in OHG. we should have expected bi henti (dat.), for which zi h$nti, 'at once,' occurs. The prep, is compounded with the dat. of the sul>>t. hant, OHG. henti • comp. the similar origin of abfyaufcen under ah

"g&efydrbe, f., 'the authorities,' first re- corded in ModHG. from tyeren, MidHG. zno behozren, ' to belong to, be one's due.'

"jHebuf, m., ' behalf, advantage,' from MiuHG. behwif, m., ' business, purpose, means to an end' ; root haf (in fyefcea), as also in E. behoof, AS. behof.

bet, prep, and adv., 'by, near, about' ; the accented form of the unaccented prefix bey the Goth used in both cases bl; the Englishman makes a distinction like the German ; AS. bl, E. by, but be as a prefix. OHG. bl and bi- (coinp. also 93eid}te,93cifpifl). In Goth, bl means 'around, near' ; hence its kinship with Gr. ip<f>l, Lat ambi- is probable ; the loss of the first syllable am- abo occurein the OTeut word for bcibc ; the base is probably ambhi- ; comp. also um.

~%&cid)te, f., 'confession,' from the equiv. MidHG. blht, contracted from MidHG. and OHG. bijiht, bigiht ; a regular verbal noun from MidHG. bejehen, OHG. bi-jehan, ' to confess, acknowledge.' The simple form jehan, usually signifying ' to say, speak out,' also means occasionally ' to avow, confess' ; hence OFr. gehir. Tiiis verb jehan may possibly be connected with ja, which see.

bctoe, num., ' both,' from the equiv. MidHG. beide, bide, m., f., (beidin, n.) ; OHG. beide, bhle (beido, f., beidiu, n.) ; OHG. and MidHG. have also a remarkable variant with e (OHG. and MidHG. bide), although ei in other instances in HG. is not

Bei

( 25 )

Bei

changed into i before dentals. In investi- gating the word beifce we must start from the tact that the stem of the num. had really no dental ; AS. begen, bd, Goth, bai (OIc. gen. beggja), 'both.' Allied in the other Aryan languages to Sans, ubhdu, Gr. &fi<f>w, Lut. ambo, OSlov. oba, Lith. obit, ■with a syllable prefixed. The G. forms with a dental are undoubtedly secondary ; they obtained their dental by the blending, at a comparatively late period, of the pri- mary 5a- with the forms of the article, so that OHG. bide arose from bS and de, betditt from bei and diu, MidE. byt/ie (E. both) from AS. bd and fid (OIc. ba]?er from bai and fcaiz). In Goth, ba is combined with the article ba p6 skipa, ' both the ships' ; simi- larly in Gr. &}>L<pio. By assuming such a combination in WestTeut. the following ModHG. dial, forms in all genders are ex- plained • Bav. bed, bod^ beid, Suab. bid, bued, boad, Wetterau bed, bud, bad.

"§3etfu|SJ, m., 'a species of wormwood used in seasoning food' ; the MidHG. and OHG. word was written bib6"$, hence the semi-LowG aspect of the ModHG. word. OHG. bibo$ is cognate with anabti^ (see Slmbcjj), and connected with an OTeur. verb bautan, ' to pound ' ; bibfy, ' spice pounded and mixed with food.' The LG. form of the OHG. word is bivdt, and hence arose the ModHG. SSetfujj, by the awkward attempt of popular etymology to connect btv6t with a well-known word.

"gSetgo, "§3eitgc, f., ' a pile arranged in layers' (an UpG. word), from MidHG. bige, OHG. bigo, 'shock (of corn)'; hence Ital. bica, ' pile of sheaves' ; conip. E. bing (heap of alum), Scand. bingr, 'bolster'; comp. S3arf)bunije. 33cncje has eu by being based on bidden.

■gjcit (Bav. 93eid)l), n., 'hatchet,' from the equiv. MidHG. bll, Mhel, OHG.. UhaJ, blal, n. (comp. the similar stages in the derivation of %t\[t from flhala) ; comp. Mid LG. bll, ' axe.' On account of OIc. bllda, ' axe,' OHG. bihal must probably be traced to blfcl, bttl (for Id from pi comp. ©emaljl). Hence there may be a connection with the cognates from blitd discussed under beijjcn ; (is to the meaning, comp. especially Lat. Jluilo, ' I split" (Olr. Mail, 'axe,' is primit. akin). On the other hand, it is, of course, not impossible that OHG. bVml may be connected with 93icfe.

bctlcn, vb., 'to bring deer to a stand by baying,' formed from MidHG. and OHG.

Ml, ' the moment when the deer stands at bay; encircling by the baying hounds'; MidHG. btlen, ' to bring to a stand by bay- ing,' intr. 'to bark.' No kinship with feelleit can be proved ; it is more probably con- nected with the root bi in beben (for a deri- vative in I from the latter word comp. Lett. baile, ' fear,' bailus, ' timid,' Sans. bhtrb, 1 timid'). In that case MidHG. and OHG. M-l would be lit ' time of fear.'

"gjjeilt, n., ' bone, leg,' from MidHG. bein, OHG. bein, n. ; comp. OLG. bin, AS. ban, E. bone; ModHG. preserves the earlier meaning 'bone' still existing in UpG. in the words ©eiuljauS, Glfenbein, gifdjbein, galjbein, ©cbein ; the later signi- fication, ' lower part of the thigh,' is re- corded even in OHG., MidHG., and OIc. The OIc. beinn, adj., ' straight,' favours the supposition that originally at least the straight thigh-bones were termed 53eine (bones). Goth. *bain, n., is by chance not recorded. A primit. Teut. word with the primary meaning 'bone,' which cannot, however, be traced farther back (Lat. os, Gr. 6<rr£ov, Sans, astlu, asthan, to which an Aryan osth-, ' bone,' would correspond, are not represented, on the other hand, in the Teut. group). Comp. further (Siebeiu.

"gSeifptel, n., ' example,' from late Mid HG. bispil, mostly btspel, n., 'fable, alle- gory, proverb,' OHG. *btspell (for bt comp. bet and 99eid)te). Comp. AS. btspell, ' ex- ample, parable ' ; formed from OHG. and MidHG. spel (11), ' tale, fable, rumour,' Goth, spill, ' legend, fable,' AS. spell, E. spell (gospel from godspell), 'tale, fable' ; spell (to which Fr. epeler, 'to spell.' is akin) is the term for literary composition in prose, and hence is as important for the history of primit. Teut. civilisation as Sift, fingcrt, <kc.

beifjeit, vb., 'to bite,' from the equiv. MidHG. bt^eny OHG. bttfan; cognate with Goth, beitan, AS. bitan, E. to bite. A pri mit. Teut. verb with the sense of ' to bite, which has, however, as is shown by the cognate tongues, been specialised from the more general meaning 'to make smaller, to split with a sharp instrument.' Comp. Lat. findo, Sans, root b/iid, ' to split, break to pieces ' ; in OTeur. poetry betfjen is also used of the sword — a remnant of the earlier meaning. JBeil, too, if primit. akin to it, must be connected wiih Lat. jindere, 'to split' Comp. bitter, which signilifs orig. 'piercing.' From the same root 93ip, Mid HG. and OHG. W3, m., is derived, to which

Bei

( 26 )

Ber

AS. bite, E. bit, corresponds ; 2Mj5(fycti is a diniiiiutive of it. ModHG. SBtffen, from MidHG. bi^y, OHG. W330 ; OLG. bUi, E.

"gjeifjlier, no., 'loach,' adopted from Slav. (Bohem. piskof, Russ. pishdrt), and based by popular etymology on betjjen (the fish is also called <£te inbeijjer, ' river-loach,' ©djtammbetjjer, 'pond-loach').

betjett, vb., 'to cauterise, pickle, etch,' from MidHG. bei^en (beitzen), weak vb., 'to macerate, make soft, hawk at birds' ; OHG. 6 iyn (beizzen), orig. sense ' to cause to bite,' is the factitive of OHG. bi^an, see beijkn. The corresponding E. to bait (a hook, a horse on a journey, and hence to put up, halt at a place, also to allure) is derived from the Scand. beita, which is identical with OHG. beizzan.

befclommcn, see Jtlamnt.

j$eld)e (I.), f., 'a kind of salmon' ; of obscure origin. See Q3e(djf.

l$eld)e (2.), U 'coot,' from MidHG. belche, OHG. tylihha; Lat. fulica seems allied to it, although OHG. Ith implies a Lat. g ; the Germ, guttural suffix is the same as in Goth, dhaks, 'pigeon.' See also £abicr/t, jfrauid).

belemment, vb., ' to cheat,' a LG. word, from MidLG. and Du. belemmeren, ' to hin- der, molest,' and allied to ModHG. lafym ?.

bdfern, vb., 'to snarl, nag,' ModHG. only ; an intensive form of the following word.

bcllcit, vb., from the equiv. MidHG. b'ellen, 0 HG. b'ellan, ' to bark, bellow ' ; AS. bellan, E. to bell (of a stag at the rutting period) ; the E. word indicates accordingly that the primary meaning was more general than simply ' barking, bellowing.' If an e root be assumed, OBulg. bleja, ' bleat,' and Lat. fleo, ' I weep ' (6, / from bh and bhle for bhel), may be compared. Others have explained the WestTeut. root bell from belz, bels, bhels, which would result in its being cognate with Sans. bhaS, 'to bark,' bhdS, 4 to talk.' Comp. Lith. balsas, ' voice, tone ' ; see, too. the following word ami ©uf(e.

■g8ellf)amtttel, m., 'bell-we:her,' Mod HG. only ; a LG. word (UpG. herma, equiv. to §ett>maitn, ' herdsman \ corresponding exactly to Du. bel-hamel, E. bell-wether. Fr. clocheman, clocman (of Germ, origin), also Fr. mouton a la sonnette, make the connec- tion of 93ellfyammel with Du. bel, MidDu. and AS. belle, E. bell, indubitable. In Fr. animal fables the bell-wether has the pro-

per name Uclin (akin to Fr. bslier, 'ram'), from the Du. bel, ' little bell,' whence also Fr. bdliere, ' ring of a bell-clapper.'

"§3clf , ni., 'straits,' akin to OIc belte, AS. and E. belt, baldrich (OHG. bah), 'girdle. shoulder-belt ' 1. 93elt is thus a ' zone of land ' ?. The cognate Lat. balteus is, accord- ing to Varro, a Tuscan word.

bcljcn, vb., ' to graft,' also pclj?» ; Mid HG. belzen, OHG. belzdn with the same meaning ; cognate with Provenc. empeltar, 1 to graft,' which, with Fr. pellttier, ' fur- rier ' (see 5JM$), belongs to Lat. pellis.

"28emme, f., ' slice of bread,' first occurs in ModHG. ; a LG. and MidG. word, a de- riv. of the dial, bammen, ' to eat,' which may have been *bazm6n in Goth., and is per- haps primit. allied to the Sans, root bhas, ' to chew.'

"gSenoel, m., from the equiv. MidHG. bendel, OHG. bentil; comp. MidE. bendel, OIc. bendell ; akin to btnfcen.

"£3engel, m., 'cudgel,' then in a figura- tive sense ' rude person, blackguard,' from MidHG. bengel, m., 'cudgel.' Comp. E. bangle (club), from the verb to bang, OIc. banga, 'to strike, beat,' LG. ba>gen. The Teut. stem bang-, 'to strike,' seems to have been nasalised from the root bdg, men- tioned under baron.

"gSemte, t'., ' wicker cart,' MidHG. only; an old Alem. and perhaps orig. Kelt, word which Festus records as old Gallic benna. Comp. Fr. bvnne, ' dosser,' AS. binn, E. bin.

bertfcbett, Jewish, ' to pronounce the benediction, say grace,' from Lat. benedi- cere.

bccjttcm, adj., ' convenient, comfort- able,' from MidHG. bequdme, OHG. biqud- mi, ' suitable, fit.' Akin to AS. gecwime, MidE. tcwems, cweme, ' agreeable, suitable' ; qemi-, the base, is a verbal adj. from Goth. qiman, OHG. chuman, 'to come,' for whicli the meaning ' to be fitting, to suit,' already existing in Goth, gaqimifi, 'it is fitting,' is presupposed ; comp. AS. becuman, E. be- come. See fcmmcn and Lat. convenire, ' to fit in with, be becoming, suit,' which is primit allied.

bcrappen, vb., ' to pay,' ModHG. only. The comparison usually made with rupfeit must be abandoned ; it means ' to give Stamen' (a coin of small value having the impress of a raven). Comp. SRappm and bledjen (to give SBledj, i.e. money).

b'ercmmen, see anberaumen.

beretf , adj., ' ready, prepared,' from

Ber

( 27 )

Bes

MidHG. bereit, bereite, OHG. bireiti, ' ready and willing, obliging; armed, ready'; com p. AS. fftrcede, rcede, E. read/// Goth. garaids, 'appointed,' does not correspond exactly. The word may belong to the root discussed under retten (comp. OHG. reita, * carriage '), with the orig. sense of ' to equip with armour'; like fertig, it would thus mean properly ' ready for a journey'; comp. Olr. riadaim, * I am going on a journey,' riad, 'practicable (of a route), passable.' On account of the similarity in meaning comp. fftticj.

^crg, m., ' mountain,' inherited from the OTeut. vocabulary ; OHG. berg, Mid HG. berc(g), m. Comp. AS. beorh(g), espe- cially 'barrow' (called byrgels also), E. only in the deriv. ' to bury ' (AS. byrgan)t from *burgianj the Goth, form *bairga- is deduced from the deriv. bairgahci, ' moun- tain range.' The rules for the permutation of consonants demand a pre-Teut. bhdryho-; with this is connected Sins, brhant, ' high ' (6 from bh, because the aspiration at the beginning of the root was, on account of the following aspirate, necessarily lost) ; h is ghy Zend barezanh, ' height,' berezant, 'high' ; Olr. brigh, 'mountain' (ri, Sans. r, might be compared wiih the ur of 93urcj), Armen. berj, ' height,' barjr, ' high,' W. and Armor, bre, ' mountain, hill,' W.bry, 'high.' Also the Kelt, proper names Brigiani and Brigantes, like the Teut. Burgunden, Bur- gundiones (lit. ' nionticulae '), and the name of the town Brigantia (Bregenz). Hence to the root b'tergh belong the primary mean- ings 'high, rising ground' (OSlov. brtgii, 1 bank (of a river),' is borrowed from G.) ; perhaps 93m\} is derived from this root, if it does not come from betgen. The attempt to connect 93erg with Goth, fairguni and Hercynia, identical with the latter, must be abandoned. With jit SBergf, 'up, on end,' comp. MidHG. ze tal, 'down.'

bcvQett, vb., 'to hide, recover (from shipwreck),' from MidHG. bergen, ' to hide, secure,' OHG. bergan; comp. Goth, bair- gan, gabairgan, ' to keep, preserve,' AS. be- organ, MidE. bergen, 'to preserve, protect.' There are other E. words with a different though allied meaning ; AS. byrgan, E. to bur//; AS. byrgels(OLQt.burgisli), Y,.burials, burial. For a similar division of a primary meaning see under befer)fcrt. The root berg, burg, pre-Teut. bhergh, bhj-gh, with the primary meaning ' to lay somewhere for safe keeping,' is found outside the Teut.

group only in OSlov. briga, 'I take care (of), wait upon.'

"g8eticl)t, 111., ' intelligence, report,' from MidHG. benht, ' report, instruction, recon- ciliation.' Akin to xed)t.

"gSerfcan, m., ' a kind of cloth, fustian,' from MidHG. barragdn, barkdn, from Mid Lat. barracdnus (Fr. bouracan, Ital. bara- cane), E. barracan; comp. ©ardent.

"giterKne, f., 'coach,' first occurs in ModHG., from the equiv. Fr. berline, f. (comp. gantauer), properly 'a Berlin car- riage.'

■pcrttrfcttt, 111., ' amber' ; bern is a LG. form for brenn, therefore properly SSrenn- jlein (combustible stone) ?. The Teut.-Lat. word is glesum, preserved in AS. glcere, ' amber, resin.'

^crfcrfecr, m., first occurs in ModHG, borrowed from the Scand. berserkr, lit. ' bear-skin garment,' then ' a savage warrior who gets furious during the fight' ; from OIc. ber-, 'bear,' serkr, 'garment.'

bcrftett, vb., ' to burst, crack,' from Mid HG. bresten, OHG. brestan, ' to break, tear, burst,' impersonal ' to be wanting, lacking' ; er for re is properly LG. and MidG. ; comp. Du. bersten, AS. berstan, E. to burst. Comp. further the Aryan root bhrest (cognate with the root of bred)en), in Olr. brissim, ' I break ' (ss from st).

tbevi , "gSerk, in proper names, from Mid HG. berht, OHG. btrahl, 'shining' ; comp. Goth, bairhts, AS. beorht, E. bright.

■gSerfrctm, m., 'Spanish camomile or pellitory,' based by popular etymology on the proper name Bertram (lit. 'shining raven,' see 9rabc), and derived from bitron, for Lat.-Gr. pyrethron (iriptdpov).

bcrttcfjf tflf , ' infamous, notorious,' a partic. adj. from a weak vb. used even by Luther — bcvudjtujcu, ' to defame,' for which bctudjteit was the common form in the 16th and 17th cents. Comp. ©erndjt, as well as anrudn'g and rudjbar ; all these words are cognate with rufen, and are de- rived, as is shown by the ch for / before t, from LG.

^Berajtt, m., ■ beryl,' from MidHG. beri'le, barille, brille, m., formed from Lat.- Gr. berijllusj also brille, ' spectacles ' ; see SBriKe, $«{e. The Gr.-Lat. term is derived from Prak. viluWiga, Sans, vaid&rya.

"gilcfanmart , m.,'mizzen-niast,"' $5cf£n- fcrtel, n., mizzen-sail,' from Du. bezaav, 'mast nearest the stern of a ship,' which is connected with E. mizzen, Fr. missatrw, Ita).

Bafl

( 28 )

Bet

mezzana (the Rom. wonl, n deriv. of Lat. nxedius, is properly 'middle-mast').

befd)alcn, vb.", ' to cover (a maiv),' first occurs in ModHG. ; a denominative from Mid HO. schel, schele, m., 'brood stallion.' bee <8d>el(foettcut.

bcfd)eiben, vb., 'to distribute, assign, summon,' from MidHG. bescheideii, OHG. bisceidan, • to divide, decide, relate, report.' Tlie ModHG. and MidHG. partic. beschei- deii, meant prig, 'definite,' then 'clear, dis- tinct^ intelligible, prudent.' See fcfyciben.

bcfdjncittfeln, bcfdmuffeht, be- fdjnuppcrit, vb., ' to sniff at' ; akin to the E. vbs. to snivel, snuff, snuffl'', and fdmauKit.

befd)Ummc(tt, vb., 'to deceive,' from fdJuutmdit, ' to worry.'

bofd)ttppcn, vb., ' to scale, deceive,' from LG. ; the cognate words of the same group show that pf, not pp, is the strictly HG. form. It seems to belong to the stem of 01c. stoj.a, 'to deride'; MidDu. scop, ' derision.' To the same stem belongs an OTeut. term lor 'poet,' AS. scop, OHG. scopf, which, on account of its meaning, is important for the right conception of poetic composition among our ancestors.

sBcfd)tt>ei:oC, f., 'difficulty, grievance, malady,' from MiiiHG. besiccerde, f., ' op- pression, grief,' allied to fefwer.

befd)tt>td)tifl<m, vb., 'to appease, com- pose.' The Germans connect this word in- stinctively with jcr>u>ciflftt ; it forced its way, however, in the last half of the preceding cent, from LG. into the written language, and its cht is the earlier HG.ft; it corre- sponds to MidHG. siriflen, ' to pacify,' OHG. siciftdn, ' to be quiet.' The stem is the same as in Goth, sweiban, ' to cease, leave off' ; with this the cognates of f<6wcijtn accord fairly well both in sound and meaning ; the Tent, root su*b, swig, is based upon the Aryan smq (jnctg in Gr. aiydu; see under fcfyivcignt).

jScfett, m., 'besom, broom,' from the equiv. MidHG. besen, besitrt, b'esme, OHG. besamo; it corresponds to AS. besma, E. besom, Goth. *bisma, which have the same meaning ; a pre-Teut. word of obscure ori- gin ; perhaps SSeere and 99ajl are allied. Since the Eng. dialects point to an AS. bisma, ' besom,' it is possible that the word is connected with SBitfwinb, and the Teut. root bis, ' to move in a restless, excited way.'

"2.5c firu^. LG. word, a diminutive form, like the MidLG. equiv. beselce, n., 'small

berry' ; akin to Du. bes, Goth. basi. See under 33ecrr.

beffcr, compar. adj., 'better' ; see th<- corresponding adv. bafj ; superl. belt ; from MidHG. be^er, best (be^ist), OHG. bey ^iro, b'$$istj- corresponds to AS. betera, oetst, E. better, best/ Goth, batiza, batists. Even inprimit. Teut. gut formed its degrees of comparison in this way, which might be represented in Ind. by *bhadyas-, *bhad- iStha-. The etymology of ModHG. gut it difficult to get at ; in the case of beffer we are assisted by the cognate root in 93uJK, the primit. meaning of which is ' utility ' ; the ethical notion arose from that of in- terest. At all events, thus the matter stands from the merely Teut. point of view. It has been connected more remotely with Olnil.bhadrd-s, to which the primary mean- ing'shining' is assigned ; but in this sense the ind. word cannot be cognate ; it belongs to the root bhand, anil would consequently become *buntrs in Goth. The chief signi- fications of bhadrd-s, however, are 'capable, salutary, prosperous,' which are in closer approximation to the idea of interest. Of these meanings beffcr and bejt might form the degrees of comparison.

bcfialff, partic. of bt|Uf(nt, for which bffiedt is now used.

beff at t en, vb., ' to convev, bnrv,' from jiatt, (Etdttf.

befltlbcrrt, vb., 'to cover with dirt,' from MidHG. siiheen, sulwen, 'to soil,' also siiln, OHG. sttllen, AS. sljlian, Goth, saul- jan.

befchtbett, vb., 'to deafen, bewilder, confuse,' lit. ' to make deaf.' See taub.

befen, vb., 'to entreat, pray,' from the equiv. MidHG. beten, OHG. betdn; comp. Goth, bida, OHG. beta, ' request, prayer.' Formed from the Teut. root b\d (Aryan b/ridli), discussed under bitten.

j23cff, n., 'bed,' from the equiv. M;d HG. bet, bette, OHG. beti, bttti, n. ; comn. AS. bedl, E. bed, Goth. badi. For ModHG. 53ctt the form SBftb, is found in the 18th cent, (e.g., in Gessner), just as for 93«t the word 33ctt is used popularly (and in Mid HG.) ; comp. Sett. The signification ©eft ('garden-bed') makes the connection with the Lat. root in fodio, 'to bury,' possible (comp. W. bedd, ' grave ' ; also OSlov. boia, 'I prick'); Goth, badi (Lat. *fddium), might therefore have arisen from Aryan bhodhiom. The primary meaning was pro- bably 'an excavated spot'; the significa-

Bet

( 29 )

Bib

tion already common to the Teut. j;roup, ' bed, lectus' (akin to OSw. boedhil, 'nest'), may be elucidated by reference to the cave- dwellings of the Teutons (see 2)img). In early times the bed was evidently dug like a niche in the sides of the subterranean dwellings. The meaning 'bolster,' com- mon to 0 lc. &e5Y and Finn, patja (borrowed from Goth.), does not, it is true, harmonise with this explanation.

~g&ettel, m., ' beggarv, trash,' akin to M\dRG. betel, < begging/

betteltt, vb., 'to be*/, live by beegiiiL',' from the equiv. MidHG. b'etelen, OHG. be- tal&n, a frequentative of bitten ; to this Set- tler, from b'eteleere, OHG. b'etaldri, is allied.

bctud>en, behidyt, adj. and adv., 'quiet(ly), reserved(ly)' ; of Hebr. origin (bdt&ach, 'confident sure').

~§&et%el, jjj'ef^el, m., ' small cap,' from MidHG. (MidG.) bezel, f., 'hood.'

be\x6)c, see baitdje.

bcUQen, vb., 'to bow, humble,' from the equiv. MidHG. bougen, OHG. bougen, boucken ; it corresponds to AS. began, btgan, ' to bow,' E. to bay, ' to dam (water) ' ; facti- tive of biegeu ; lience lit. ' to cause to bend.'

"§3eule, f., 'boil, swelling,' from the equiv. MidHG. biule, OHG. bulla, *Ullea, f., 'blister' ; comp. AS. b$le, E. bile (also boil), Du. buil, ' boil ' ; Goth. *bulj6, ' swell- in^,' is connected with Goth, ufbauljan, ' to inflate,' and stands probably for *bAgwli6, properly 93ucfct (hump) ; akin to biccjcit.

;28euttbe, f., from the equiv. MidHG. biunde, OHG. biunt, 'a vacant and enclosed plot reserved for a special wing or onlhouse, enclosure' ; no connection with Lat. fun- dus is possible. MidLG. biwende, 'an en- closed space,' shows that an OHG. *bi-want, 'that which winds round, a hedge,' is im- plied. Respecting bi, 'round about,' see 93ifang.

;2.)eufe (1.), f., 'kneading trough, bee- hive,' from MidHG. biute, f., OHG. biutta, f„ with the same meaning ; it presupposes Goth. *biudja. 93utte is the most nearly allied, unless the latter is of Bom. origin. The derivation from OHG. biot, Goth. biufcs, AS. be6d, ' table,' seems uncertain ; of course AS. be6d also means 'dish.'

"peufe (2.), f., 'booty,' from the equiv. MidHG. biute ; on account of Du. buit, OIc. bpte, ' booty, exchange,' hence b§ta, 'to exchange, divide,' the t indicates that the word was borrowed. E. booty is derived from the OIc. bpte, but it has also been

confused with boot, 'uain, advantage' (see Sujk). The t would have hecnmefs, tz in HG. As t would represent the dental in Goth., bieteit, Goth. 6i«c?a«cannot,aceording to the laws of the permutation of con- sonants, be allied to SBeute ; we must assume that the root of the hitter is Goth. Mt, pre- Teut. blind. Fr. butin, 'booty,' is borrowed from these cognates. Comp. Olr. buaiil, ' victory.'

"§3cuf el (1.), m., 'a ripping chisel, a piece of wood for beating flax,' first occurs in ModHG. ; the t points to a LG. origin ; in HG. we should have expected A in Mid HG. 3 (MidHG. b6yl, ba$el). Comp. LG. bcetel, AS. bytel, E. beetle (for beating flax) ; from a root baut, 'to strike, beat' (AS. bedtan, E. beat, OIc. bauta, OHG. Mftan), which still appears in Slntbefj.

IJBeufel (2.), in., 'purse,' from MidHG. biutel, m., n., 'purse, pocket,' OHG. butil; com]). Du. buidel (bv.il), 'purse'; Goth. *bHdils. The word cannot, however, be traced farther back than OHG. ; its kin- ship to bieten, root bud, from bhudli, would throw no light on the meaning.

"g&Clltyeie, f., ' cooper's mallet for driv- ing on the hoops.' SJeitt--, like SBeutef, 'beetle,' belongs properly to LG. ; rfjete, 'rammer, hammer,' from MidHG. heie, OHG. heia, ' hammer ' ; hence 93mtfjeie, 'driving hammer.'

bevov, conj., 'before,' from MidHG. bevor, OHG. bifora; comp. the correspond- ing E. before, from AS. beforan.

beXDCQCtl (l.)» vb., ' to move/ from Mid HG. beuegen, OHG. biwi'gan. See MM,

bcwCQCiX (2.), vb., 'to stir, excite,' from the equiv. MidHG. bewpjen, OHG. bitcecken, biwegen, factitive of the preceding. See WMfC

^.Jouhmc, m., first occurs in ModHG., from MidHG. bewtsen, ' to instruct, show, prove ' ; comp. toeifen.

be3td)f en, bc,}td)ttg<m, vb. ; the former, with a change in meaning due to judjttgen, is also written bejudjten, 'to accuse of, charge with ' ; derivatives of a MidHG. subst. biziht (bezMit), f., ' accusation ' ; comp. jet ben.

^Scjtrft, m., 'circuit, district, sphere,' from MidHG. tire, 'circle, circumference, district'; from Lat. circus, 'circle.' The word, as z for Lat. c shows, was borrowed verv early during the OHG. period.

33ibet, f., 'bible,' from MidHG. bibel, of which there is a variant, biblic (E. bible,

Bib

( 30 )

Bie

Du. bijbel, Fr. bible) ; formed from Gr.-Lat. biblia. Comp. &ibd.

jjjibcr, m., ' beaver,' from the equiv. MidHG. biber, OHG. bibar, m. ; it corre- sponds to AS. beofor, E. beaver, Du. bever, OIc bj6rr, Gotli. *bibrus. A term common to the Aryan family, originally signifying a 'brown' aquatic animal; Lat fiber (OGall. Bibracte), OSlov. bebrii, Lith. tebrus (most frequently ddbras), ' beaver.' Olud. babhrUs as an adj. means ' brown,' as a subst masc ' great ichneumon ' ; bhe-b?<r- <i-s is a reduplicated form of the root bher in f&ax and braun. The primitive tribe from which the Indo-Teutons are de- scended had ere its dispersion several fully developed names of animals ; comp. Jpunb, Jfruj, 2Hau<5 Self, &c. The Teut. word had at an early period supplanted the Lat. fiber in Rom., LateLat. biber, Ital. bevero, Span, bibaro, Fr. bievre, from Teut bebrti-, bibru-.

■gSibernelle, ^unpmeUe, "gfiutper- ttCUC, f., ' pimpernel,' corruptions of the MhlLat. botanical term pipinella, pimpi- nella. Even in MidHG. various corrup- tions are produced by popular etymology ; Fr. pimprenelle.

■Ji td:e. (., "SStCKCl, m., ' pickaxe,' from the equiv. MidHG. btcke, bickel, m. ; comp. MidHG. bicken, OHG. (ana)btcchan, wk. vb., ' to prick, thrust' ; allied to AS. becca, E. bick-iron. It is probably conned ed fur- ther with a Kelt-Rom. class (Ital. becco, Fr. bee, Du. bek, l beak,' Fr. bSche, ' spade,' Ital. beccare, ' to hack,' &c.) ; it is possible that AS. becca, ' pickaxe,' is allied to Ir. and Gael, bacc, ' hook.' 93fil seems to come from another stem.

bibmcrt, wk. vb., an UpG. word equiv. in meaning to bfbm, 'to tremble, shake,' and allied to it; MidHG. biiemen, 'to tremble,' OHG. *bidim6n, must represent *bibim6n, bibintin; respecting the relation of the consonants comp. OHG. pfedamo and its variant pebano under ^Jfcbe. The OHG. bibin&n is an intensive form of OHG. biben. See bfben.

"33ieber, ' fever ' ?. Only in compounds with stiff, ;fruut, strurj. Comp. MidHG. biever, n., ' fever.' Its relation to Lat febris is ambiguous ; it is probably a corruption of vieber. See gifbfr.

bteoer, adj., ' staunch, honest,' from MidHG. biderbi, OHG. biderbi,1 serviceable, useful,' then ' brave, gallant ' (comp. btffft for a similar change of idea) ; lit. ' suitable

to one's need or purpose,' for the adj. is a compound of the stem of burftn, ' to 1*> in need of,' and the prefix bi, which has retained its earlier accent without being replaced, as it usually is, by 61. The Goth, form was perhaps *bi}>arba ; further, the adj. is identical with fcftb.

btCQCrt, vb., ' to bend, curve,' from the equiv. MidHG. biegen, OHG. biogan, Goth. biugan, ' to bend.' In Eng. the word be- longs to a different class, AS. bdgan, E. to bow; Du. biugen; comp. beugfn, the factitive of this verb. Root bilg, from pre-Teut bh.il*; the k of which is changed in the regular manner into h in SBuljtl, OHG. buhil. In OInd. we should have expected *bhuc instead of the recorded bhujijior g), which agrees with the Teut. word only in the sense of ' to bend ' ; Lat fugio, Gr. Qefryu, have the more remote signification 'to flee,' which AS. b&gan also shows. Further cognates are SSocien and bie^fam (AS. bUhsom, brixom, whence E. buxom).

JZ&iene, f., 'bee,' from the equiv. Mid HG. bine, bin, f., OHG. bint, n. ; 61 is the pro- per root syllable, as is shown by OHG. bia, Du. bij, AS. bed, E. bee, OSw. bt (OIc. by- fluga) ; the n of the weak declension is re- tained in the deriv. OHG. btnij the form binni (from binja-), which we should have expected, is not recorded. Besides these there are OHG. and MidHG. forms with *, OHG. btna, f., MidHG. bin, f. (Austr. dial. 93fin) ; they are related perhaps to MidHG. bin like Goth, sunns to Sans. sAnus, Goth. qlwa to Sans.j'Jfo-, &c. ; comp. <Sobn, CUtfcf, laut, ©djauffl. Lith. bitis, Ir. bech, ' bee,' seem allied, though they have a different suffix. The word is based on a root bh\ ' to be afraid,' discussed under bfbfii ; hence 93iftte is perhaps ' the trembler ' ?. Respect- ing QSiftttttbret comp. 9kot. ©ittunferb was an early remodelled form for OHG. bini- char. 23itnfatu, n., a botanical term, lit. 1 a plant that the bee is fond of sucking.'

jSier, n., ' beer,' from the equiv. MidHG. bier, OHG. and OLG. bior, n., comp. Du. bier, AS. be&r, E. beer, OIc. bj&rr ; Fr. Here is borrowed MidHG. 6ier. There can \>m no connection with Lat 6160. Sans, pibdmi ; nor can Gr. rtur, OInd. pivas, 'a rich drink,' be cognate. It is rightly thought to be akin to an OTeut.term for 'barley ,'OLG. and AS. bed (OIc. bygg), from Teut *bevy wo-, l>ased on a pre-hist. *bhewo-, while the cognates of 93i« point to a deriv. *bhewro-. Thus 93ifr is equal to ' barley-juice' 1.

Bie

( 31 )

Bil

■§tUefe, I$tfe, f., ' north-east wind,' ear- lier, SSeienrinb (with the regular ei), from the equiv. bise, OHG. bisa, whence Fr. bise. A Teut. root bis, biz, 'to rush in excitedly,' nlsoappearsiuMidHG.and ModHG. (dial.), bisen, ' to run about like cattle tormented by horse-flies' (with this is connected Mod HG. dial, beiern, with a change of « into r, in Hess, and Henneberg., with the same meaning) ; comp. further OSw. blsa, ' to run,' Dan. bisse, 'to run excitedly.' Per- haps the root bi, ' to tremble,' is nearly akin.

"gSteff , m., in SSiejlmilcfc, from the equiv. MidHG. biest, OHG. Host, m. ; comp. AS. be6st, and its deriv. AS. basting, E. beast- inus, biestings. ModHG. dialects have also remarkable parallel forms with br, like OIc. d-brystur, ' beastings,' e.g. Swiss briek (brieS), which may be connected with 83ruft, OHG. brust, AS. breost. Beyond the Teut. group (whence OFr. bet, ModFr. beton is bor- rowed) the stem has not yet been traced ; it is most frequently compared with the equiv. Gr. irvfc, Sans. piyuSa. Yet a Teut. root bius seems to underlie biese, beise, 'to milk,' in the Wetterau dial.

biefcn, vb., ' to offer, make a bid,' from MidHG. bieten, OHG. biotan, 'to offer, present, command' (similar meanings are united in the MidHG. word for befeljlen) ; AS. be6dan, 'to announce, offer' ; E. bid com- bines the meanings of Germ, bieten and bitten. Goth, anabiudan, ' to command, arrange,' faurbiudan, 'to forbid' (OHG. farbiotan, MidHG. verbieten, AS.forbeddan, E. forbid). Goth, biudan, as well as the whole of this class, points to a pre-Teut. root bhudh; Gr. wvO (according to the well-known rule for <f>v6) in irwdd.vofj.ai, irv6io0a.i, 'to' ask, demand, learn by asking, hear,' approaches one of the meanings of the Teut. vb. ; the latter has an active signification ' to pub- lish, communicate,' while the Gr. middle vb. means 'to know by report, obtain in- formation.' With the sensuous meaning of HG. bieten is connected the OInd. root budh (for bhudh), ' to make a present to one ' ; yet it most frequently means ' to be watchful, a>tir.' then ' to observe, notice' ; and with this is associated OBulg. bildUi, Lith. budeti, 'to awake'; Lith. budrus, ' watchful' ; also Lith. bafcsti, ' to chastise,' and Olr. buvle, ' thanks.' It is a prim. Aryan verbal stem with a great variety of meanings, the chief of which are 'to pre- sent (make a present to one) — to enjoin

(to command, communicate) — to be active, awake.' To the same stem belongs an OTeut. word for 'table, dish' (both con- ceived as the dispensers of food ?), which has been mentioned under SBeute (Goth. biu}>s, AS. bedd), also bote, from MidHG. bote, OHG. boto (AS. boda, whence E. to bode), lit. 'herald.'

j23ifang, m., 'enclosure, ridge,' fn>m MidHG bttanc. m., 'circuit, ridge between furrows,' OHG. bifang, 'circuit,' from bi- fahan, 'comprise, encircle.' With respect to the accented verbal prefix in the subst. compound, comp. bet, where ' around ' is also quoted as one of the OTeut. meanings of bi. SMfang (in opposition to 93eiivie(, btspel) retains, like bieber, the old short verbal prefix ; comp. bieber, $8ift>, SBeunbe.

bictotf , adj., ' bigoted,' first occurs in ModHG., borrowed from Fr. big A. but based in spelling on ©ctt.

~jBild), f., 'dormouse,' from the equiv. MidHG. bilch, OHG. bilich (whence OBulg. pluchii, 'dormou>e,' is borrowed?); bit- is primit. cognate with W. bele, 'marten.'

j!3ifb, n., 'image, portrait, representa- tion,' from MidHG. bilde, OHG. bilidi, n., 'image, figure, parable, prototype'; simi- larly OSax. bilithij there is no correspond- ing word in E. or Goth. (*bUiJn). The derivation from a stem bil-, with which 93eil has been absurdly connected, is untenable ; bi- is probably the prep, be- (comp. bieber, 93ifaiivi, 93infe) ; *lipi is allied to lipu-, ' limb ' (see ®lieb) ; the compound signifies lit. 'a copy of a limb, counterfeit limb'?. It is impossible to connect it with E. build, which belongs rather to AS. bold, ' a build- ing,' and bauen.

fill, f., from the equiv. E. bill, which, Fr. billet, belongs to MidLat. bdla, bulla.

33We, f.. ' hatchet,' from MidHG. bil (-.'en. bilks), 'pickaxe,' OHG. bill; AS. bill, ' sword/ E. bill (' sword, chopper,' also ' axe ') ; not cognate with 93eil.

billifl, adj., adv., ' reasonable (-ably), cheap (-ly),' for an earlier billicfy, used even in the last century, from MidfiG. billtch, OHG. (recorded since Williram) billkh (adv. MidHG. billtche, OHG. billlhho). 'con- formable, becoming'; cognate with AS. bilevrit, MidE. bileunt, 'simple, innocent.' It has been said, without sufficient reason, that this class was borrowed from Keli. Comp. other cognates under SBeic^bilb, Unbill.

Bil

( 32 )

Bis

"gSUfCttftrauf, n., ' henbane,' from the equiv. MidHG. bilse, OHG. bilisa, f. ; also a dial, form bilme, equal to Dan. bulme, AS. beolene (Span, beleiio). The stems bilisa, beluna, common to the Tent, group, cor- respond to Lat. fdix, filix, 'fern,' but more closely to Russ. belend, Pul. bielun, • henbane.' Comp. further MidDu. beelde, 'henbane.'

bin, see fcitt, vb.

j3ims, m., "gjimsffcm, 'pumice-stone,' from the equiv. Mid II G. bumez, OHG. bumiz; hence we should have expected ModHG. S3itmc$. The relation between Stvtu\ and Lat. cruc-em is similar to that between 93ume$ and the type, Lat. pumic-em (nom. pumex). The i of the ModHG. form is MidG, as in .Rut, *Tji(}. From Lit. •pumex (Ital. pomtice) are also derived Du. puimsteen, and AS. pdmicstdn. With re- gard to * for 2, see SSiiife.

btnbett, vb., ' to tie, bind,' from MidHG. linden, OHG. bintan. corresponds to OSax. and AS. bindan, E. to bind, Goth, bindan y the meaning does not change, hence it was the same in primit. Tent, as in ModHG. and Eng. The pre-Teut. form of tlie root must have been bhendh ; comp. the correspond- ing Sans, root bandh, 'to chain, fasten'; Lat. (with / for bh initially) offendimentum, 'bond, cable'; Gr. ireifffua for *irivOana, ' bond,' also v€ndep6s, ' father-in-law,' as well as Sans, bdndku, 'a relative.' In Tent, numerous forms are derived by gra- dation from the sarue root (e.g. SBaiib, E. bond, bend). Ital. benda, ' bandage,' ben- dare, ' to bind np,' are borrowed.

^ingclttrauf, n., earlier Suitgcffraut, ' mercury' ; 33uitcjef, a name of a plant, from MidHG. bunge, OHG. bungo, ' bulb." See

binnen, prep., ' within,' from MidHG. (MidLG. and MidDu.) binnen ; comp. the corresponding AS. binnan, 'within,' from bi- innan, with suppression of the i of bi, as in bailee, barmbcrjia,. See iiutcit.

^infc (Swiss SBinj), f., 'rush,' from the plur. of the equiv. MidHG. 61/13, bine^ 111., OHG. binu$, m. ; comp. OSax. binut, AS. beonet, E. bent, bent grass, as well names of places, 53entlrt), 93ent^ctm, with a LG. vowel. The most probable derivation is that given in the OHG. period, by Notker, from bi- and na$ (see nafj) ; hence lit. ' that which grows in wet places.' LFranc. and LG. h&ve a stem biusa corresponding to Du. bies, Mid LG. bese, which are not cognate with 33tuj>.

^irhc (Swiss 53d*e, S:vcr», f., 'birch,' from the equiv. MidHG. birhe (UpG. birdie), OHG. bird/a, birihha ; comp. AS. birce, E. birch ; also Du. berk, AS. beorc, OIc. bjork, Goth. *bairka, f., or *bairkj6, f. This term, common to the Teut. group, is one of the few names of trees of primit. Aryan origin (comp. 93uct)f) ; the pre-Teur. form is bhtrgd (bhergyd), and corresponds to Sans, bhtiija, m., 'a kind of birch' (neu. also 'birch bark'), OSlov. bnza, f., Lilh. be lias.

"j^intc, L, 'pear'; the n belongs pro- perly to the inflexion ; MidHG. bir (and still dialectic), plur. birn ; OHG. bira, 'pear.' Derived from the Lat. plrum, or rather plur. plra. On account of the initial b of the German won), the date at which it was borrowed can hardly be placed earlier than the 9th cent. The Goth ap- plied to the ' mulberry-tree' the apparently cognate term bairabagms. E. pear, AS. peru, Du. peer, are based upon the Rom. word (Ital. and Span, pera), derived from Lat. pirum. Respecting the change of gender see *J>flaumc.

bivfd)CTl, vb., from the equiv. MidHG. birsen, 'to chase with hounds, to shoot deer' ; s after r became seh, as in Clrnf, tatjft, £orfd)e, Ijcrrfdjfii, >§ivfd), Jtirfd)?, Miix- fdnter, nurf<t) ; from OFr. berser (MidLat. bersare), ' to pierce with an arrow.'

bis, conj., adv., ' until, as far a?,' from MidHG. 613 (for which nnze, unz most Fre- quently occur) ; in OHG. it was perhaps bia$, i.e. bid is a compound of bi (see bet, Goth, bt) and 03 (OHG 03, 'to,' Goth, at, Lat. ad) ; bia$ became 613, ' until ' Earlier ModHG. has a variant bitze, bitz, which likewise arose from an older bi and ze, 'to.' Similarly ModHG. unz is composed of unt (Goth, und) and ze. — btsfanct, from the equiv. MidHG. bissolange, 'so long, hither- to,' for fo'3 s6 lange, ' until so long.'

"D.'irctm, m., 'musk,' from the equiv. MidHG. bisem, OHG. bisam, bisamo, from MidLat. bisamum, which u of oriental origin (Hebr. besem, Syr. besmo).

j5ifd)of, m_, 'bishop,' from the equiv. MidHG. bischof (v), OHG. biscof (to which SBilfou is related) ; Du. bisschop, AS. bisceop, E. bishop, with the same meaning. In Goth, with a closer adherence to the primit. term (iwiijKoiroi), alpiskaUpus. This widely dif- fused word was probably adopted, like tin; Arianism of the Goths (comp. ,ftird)e), from the Greeks without passing through Ro-

Bis

( 33 )

Bla

mance. Tlie Lat.-Rom. origin is indeed supported by the initial 6 as well as the loss of the original e at the beginning ; comp. ltal. vescovo, OFr. vesque (also evesque, ModFr. 4vique, and Olr. epscup). Conip. further OSlov. jeptslcopu.

"gStfTen, m., ' l>it, morsel,' from the equiv. MidHG. bitfe, OHG. fo'330; comp. AS. bita, E. bit, and beifjett.

fief am, n., ' bishopric' Even in Mid bischtuom and bistuom, OHG. bisce- tuom, from biscoftuom. By a similar change 23t3marcf was formed from bischoves marc ; on the borders of such a mark the property of the tribe was situated.

■p3i(§, "gUtfjC^en, 'bit, trifle,' from beijjen.

uitfen, vb., ' to b*& entreat, invite,' from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. bitten (from bitjav, bidjan) ; it is a str. vb. of the class e — a — d — e. Comp. Goth. bidjan, ba}>, bedum, bidans ; AS. biddan; in E. to bid, both bieten and bitten appear ; E. to beg, from AS. bedecian (Goth. *bidaq6n 1 comp. Teut.and Goth. *bidaqa, 'beggar'). The str. vb. belonged originally to the i class (Goth. bidja, *baip, *bidum, bidans might therefore be conjectured) ; a trace of this gradation is shown further by the factitive Goth. baidjan, AS. bdidan, OHG. beiten, with the meaning ' to order, demand, compel.' The root bkeidh, blmlh, accords with Gr. vi0 (lor <piO, according to the well-known rule), ireldu), ' to induce by entreaties, get by ask- ing, persuade, convince'; to this belongs also Lat. fido (equiv. to the Gr. Mid. Voice irdOofiat), 'to rely on a person.' With this meaning an OTeur. bid an t 'to await, wait with full confidence' (Goth, b idan, OHG. Mian, AS. bldan, E. to bide), has been con- nected. The Germ, noun 2Mtte is OHG. bita, most frequently beta, Goth. bida. See betett, @cbct.

biffcr, adj., * hitter,' from the equiv. MidHG. bitter, OHG. bittar. This t, since it comes before r, represents the t common to the Teut. cognates ; before / the permu- tation of t to 3, tz does not take place (comp. ©iter, tauter, tittetn) ; OLG. bittar, AS. bittor, biter, E. and I hi. bitter ; hence we should have expected Goth. *bltrs, for which a form with a remarkable Cii, baitrs, 'bitter,' occurs. The word is undoubtedly cognate with beijjeit (root bit, inf. bltan); the adj. properly signifies ' pricking, sharp,' being now, like beiften, restricted to the taste. For other cognates comp. beifjen.

blad), adj., ' Hat,' from MidHG. black;

it is, like Swiss blache, ' a large board,' re- lated to flaeb.

■gSIacfcfifdj, m., ' cuttlefish,' from LG. Mackflsk. Blak is the LG. term for ink (blakhorn, 'inkstand'); comp. AS. bla>c, ' ink,' E. blade (a colour and shoemaker's black), OHG. block.

U.Haf)C, f., 'coare linen,' from Mid HG. balhe, bid, f. ; a dialect, widely dif- fused word, with the parallel forms bliil>e, plane, blache, plauwe ; the primit. form is Goth. *blahwa1.

bldbcn, vb., ' to inflate,' from the equiv. MidHG. blozjen, OHG. bldjan, wk. vb. (the OHG. word also means ' to blow ' ) ; comp. AS. bldwan, E. to blow. The Teut. root bid (bli) agrees partly with Lat. flare (Aryan root bhld) ; blafen, 33fott, and ©fatter are also closely related to it. S3lafen especially seems to have arisen from the shorter root, also preserved in ^Matter, by adding s to the stem of the present.

"plttfeetr, m., 'chandelier' (in Voss), from the equiv. LG. and Du. Mater; comp. AS. Meecern; from the MidLG. and Du. blalcen, ' to burn, glow.' For further Teut. and Aryan cognates see under 83(i£.

bid nil, adj., ' bright, drawn (of a sword),' from the MidHG. Mane, OHG. blanch, 'gleaming, white, resplendently beauti- ful.' Comp. E. blank ('white'), (AS. Manca, blonca, OIc. blakkr, ' white or grey horse') ; related to OIc. blakra, ' to gleam' ; formed by gradation from the root blek in 93li($ (conip. also blecfeu). The adj. made its way into Horn. (ltal. bianco, Fr. Mane), whence 83(anfett with a Rom. suffix ; comp. also blafeti. The less frequent bliuf— a recent formation from the verb — is found as a parallel form to btanf in ModHG.

"p.Hanllfcbcif, n., 'busk' (whalebone in a corset), corrupted in ModHG. from Fr. planchette.

"2.51a To, f., 'blister, bubble, flaw,' from MidHG. bldse, OHG. bldsa; the last two specially mean ' urinary bladder.' Comp. flatter and blafen.

bfafen, vb., 'to blow, sound, smelt,' from MidHG. bldsen, OHG. bldsan, 'to breathe, snort' ; comp. the equiv. Goth. bltsan; in E. only the deriv. AS. blast, E. blast, has been preserved. The s of blafen, which does not occur in the root bhlS of the cognate languages, is considered by some to be simply a present suffix which was not joined to the stem until a later period ; in that case bldfyen and 53Uttter may be cog-

C

B!a

( 34 )

Ble

Date. The OTeut wonls with iuitial bl separate into two groups ; the one, contain- ing bidden, ©tatter, blafen, btufyen, S3lutf, seems to be based on tiie primary meaning of 'swelling,' the other, comprising blanf, blafj, Hinfeit, bWrfctt, blt|en, blau, SBledj, Slut, on the notion of ' shining.'

blag, adj., 'pale, faint (in colour),' from MidHG. b'as, 'bald,' figuratively 'weak, trifling' ; the earlier signification is 'shin- ing' (comp. ©lafce, from gldnjen) ; allied to OHG. bias, 'whitish.' Hence by muta- tion SSldfie, f., ' a white spot on the fore- head,' OIc. bles (earlier Dan. bits), MidLG. blare (but blusenhmgst, ' horse with a blaze'), Du. blaar, ' cow with a blaze.' With the meaning 'shining,' AS. blase, E. blaze, Mid HG. bias, n., 'a torch,' are connected.

■^Uott, n., 'leaf, blade, newspaper,' from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. blat, n. ; comp. the corresponding Du. Mad, AS. bleed, 'leaf,' E. blad'.; Goth. *bla}>. The dental of these cognates seems to be a suf- fix ; bla- from pre-Teut. bhlo-, as well as Lat. fol-ium, Gr., <f>v\\ov, 'leaf,' may have been formed from a root bhol, bldd. It is uncertain whether Goth. *blada- is really a partic. with an Ayran suffix 16-, with the meaning ' having ceased to bloom ' or ' fully grown.' See bluljm.

flat i ex, f., ' pock, pustule,' from Mid bldtere, f., 'bladder, pock,' OHG. bldt- tara, f., 'bladder'; comp. Du. blaar, AS. bldedre, E. bladder. The Goth, form would be *bliJr6 (or bladrd 1 see Matter), with drd- as a suffix, corresponding to Gr. rpa. (see Slber, Matter) ; for US as a root syllable see blafen, bidden.

blent, adj., from the equiv. MidHG. bid (Gen. bldwes), OHG. bldo, ' blue ' ; comp. Du. blaauw, AS. Haw, and with a suffix bltewen ; E. blue (from MidE. blew) is bor- rowed from Fr. bleu, which, with its Rom. cognates (Ital. biavo, from *blawo), is of Germ, origin. The primit cognate Lat. jidvus, ' flaxen, yellow,' ha«, like so many names of colours, changed its meaning compared with the Germ. word.

£3Iducl, m., 'beetle, rolling-pin,' de- rived from the following word.

Mttuert, vb., 'to beat, drub'; instinc- tively allied by Germans to blau (bfau fcfylagen, 'to beat black and blue'). It is based, however, on a str. vb., MidHG. bliu- wen, OHG. bliuwun, 'to beat' ; comp. the equiv. AS. *ble6wan, whence E. blow; Goth. bliggwan, 'to beat' (with an excrescent <#),

for bliwan. The root seems to be blu, from bhlu- ; it can hardly be related primitively to blatt, nor is it possible to derive *bliwan from a root bhliw for b'-ligw from bhligh (comp. ©dmtf, 9Uerc), and to compare it with hat. fltger*.

"^fccf), n., 'thin metal plate, tin plate,' from the equiv. MidHG. blkch, OHG. bleh, n. ; it corresponds to OIc. blik, n., 'gold, thin plate of gold.' In Eng. the word is not to be met with ; it is formed by gradation from the root blik, which appears in blfid)ett, and means 'shining.' — j3Ied)ett, 'to pay money,' comp. beruvpm.

blcdtcn, vb., ' to show one's teeth, grin,' from MidHG. blecken, 'to become visible, show,' OHG. b'ecclien (Goth. *blokjan). Factitive of a Goth. *blikun, which, accord- ing to the law of the permutation of con- sonants, is cognate with Gr. <t>\i-yu, ' to burn, shine' (comp. 0X07- in #X6£, ' flame '), Lat. flagro, ' to burn,' and the Sans, root b/irdj, ' to shine.' OHG. btycclien also means ' to lighten, gleam, shine forth.' For further details see UMifc.

l$Iet, i)., ' lead,' from the equiv. MidHG. bit (Gen. bliwes), OHG. bllo (for *bltw), ' lead ' ; it corresponds to OIc. bltf; Goth. *bleiwa- is wanting. Tlie word cannot be traced farther back ; it is not found in Eng., the term used being lead (Du. loot ; comp. 2ct).

blcibctt, vb., ' to remain, continue,' from the equiv. MidHG. bliben, OHG. biliban ; comp. the corresponding AS. belt/an, Goth. bileioan, ' to remain ' (the factitive of which is bilaibjan, ' to cause to remain, leave over ' ; AS. Ice/an, E. to leave). It is allied neither to Lat. linquo nor to Gr. Xt/xw, to which IetJ)en is more akin ; biltbo, ' I re- main,' must be based on pre-Teut lipd (Sans, root lip, ' to adhere ') ; Gr. \11rap6i, 'greasy, shining,' Xbrot, n., 'fat,' Xlirop^w, ' I persist,' comes nearest to the meaning of the lent. vb. ; comp. OSlov. lipnati, Lith. lipd, 'to adhere, remain.' With the former meaning, ' to adhere,' ModHG. 2eber is connected, and with the latter, ' to per- sist, abide,' the ModHG. 8eib and gfbtit. See the separate words.

bletcf), adj., ' pale, wan,' from the equiv. MidHG. bleich, OHG. bleih; comp. AS. bide, bltece, E. bUai; Du. bleek, OIc bleikr, 'pale,' from the root blik appearing in bWidjen. Derivatives : ModHG. SMetd^e, f., ' bleaching, bleach ing-yard, wan appear- ance ' ; fcleidjfti, ' to bleach, turn pale.

Ble

( 35 )

Bio

bleidjen, vb., ' to lose colour,' etbleicfyen, ' to grow pale,' from MidHG. blichen, * to shine, blush,' OHG. blihhan; comp. AS. bllccu>, MidM bltken, 'to turn pale' ; OIc. blikja, ' to appear, shine, lighten.' The i root of Slav, blislcati, ' to sparkle ' (for *blig- skati),blesku,i splendour,' Lith. blaivytis, 'to clear up,' is more closely connected with the word than the e root in <l>\£yu, * to burn, flame.' The pre-Teut. form of the root was perhaps bhlig, meaning ' lustre ' (comp. also 93tedj, Ueity ; further OHG. Mick, see ©H{$).— ]$teid)er(f), m., 'pale-red wine, claret,' a recent deriv. from bleidj.

jlUcihc, f., ' whitebait, bleak,' Du. term for a sj)ecies of white fish ; comp. Du. blei, MidLG. and MidDu. bleie, AS. blcege, E. *blay ; from blajj&n for *blaigj&n (comp. OHG. reia, AS. rouge, from raigjon; see under CM)). As ModHG. fHi<f e is a parallel form of OHG. rtia, so MidHG. and ModHG. (Swiss) blicke is a variant of LG. bleie. The primary meaning and further cognates are uncertain ; OHG. bleihha, MidHG. bleiche, Avould point to a connection with bleid) (comp. OIc. bligja, ' to glance at ').

blenben, vb., ' to blind,' from the equiv. MidHG. btynden, OHG. blpnten; comp. AS. btyndan, whereas E. has to blind based upon blind; factitive of blinb. It is re- markable in connection with this word that an old form, *blandj<m, as it would be written in Golh., is derived by gradation from an adj. (blinds, Goth.) ; a str. vb. blindan, ' to be blind,' has never existed. 93lenbe, 'blind, screen,' first found in Mod HG., is a deriv. of blenben.

■^SUmMtng, m., 'mongrel,' from Mid HG. blanden, OHG. blantan, ' to mix ' ; Goth, blandan. This OTeut. str. vb., mean- ing ' to mix,' is based, according to the laws of the permutation of consonants, on a pre-Teut. root bhlandh, not iound in any other word.

blelften, * to patch,' see under *piacfen.

j&ItCR, m., ' glance, look, gleam,' from MidHG. blick, ' splendour, lightning, glance'; corresponds to OHG. blic (blicches), in., 'lightning' (also blicfiur, 'electricity'). The orig. sense of the MidHG. word was probably fyellet ©ttaf/l (a bright flash), (Strati bein^ used figuratively of the eye as of lightning ; the physical meaning of the stem has been preserved in 93li$. The root is shown under bWcfen, and especially under 93lifc, to be the pre-Teut. b'deg.

blinb, adj., 'blind,' from MidHG.

blint(d), ' blind, dark, murky, hidden, null,' OHG. blint; comp. the corresponding Goth. blinds, AS. blind, E. blind. An ancient but very remarkable factitive form from this adj., with no parallel str. vb., is blenben (Goth. *blandjan). It is still undecided whether d is an old partic. suffix, like Gr. -tos, Lat. -tus, Sans, -tas ; considering the meaningof the word, it might easily be connected with the Sans, root bhram, ' to move unsteadily ' (partic. b/trdntd-s). Yet its kinship with Lith. blandyti, ' to cast down the eyes,' blindo, blisti, ' to grow dark,' is more probable (comp. OIc. blunda, ' to close, blink the eyes,' E. to blunder). — An- other word for ' blind ' in the Aryan group is Lat. caecus, Olr. cdech; Goth, haihs, cor- responding to these, means ' one-eyed.' It seems, moreover, that in i he Aryan lan- guages there were no terms for ' blind, deaf, lame, dumb,' and other infirmities, com- mon to all of them ; there is only an agree- ment between two or three languages at most.

]23Itnl>fdjtetd)e, see under fdjletcfjen.

btmfcett, vb., ' to "learn, twinkle, blink,' first occurs in ModHG. ; related to blank, blink, adj. ; comp. Du. blinken, MidE blinken, E. to blink. The root may be iden- tical with that of bleiclfjen (bltkm), the i- root becoming nasalised ; blinfen would then be regarded as a verb of the e class, and blanf a secondary form.

blinjeln, vb., ' to blink, wink.' It may be connected with blinb; yet comp. also OIc. blunda, ' to blink,' and Lith. blandyti, ' to cast down the eyes.'

"jKUf^, m., from the equiv. MidHG. blitze, blicz>; blicz, m., 'lightning' (Swiss even now blitzq for bliktz) ; a derivative of MidHG. bliczen, 'to lighten,' OHG. blecchazzen (formed like the equiv. Goth. lauhatjun). Allied to the earlier OHG. and MidHG. blic, 'lightning.' The Teut, root blek corresponds to Aryan bhleg, bhlog, in Gr. i>\iyu>, ' to burn, blaze,' <f>\6£, ' flame,' Sans. bhrdj, ' to radiate, sparkle ' (whence Sans. bharga{s), ' splendour,' and bnrgu, 'the spe- cial gods of light '), as well as Lat fulgur, fulmen (for *fidgmeri), ' lightning.' To the Aryan root bhleg the following also belong: Du. bliksem, OSax. bliksmo, bliksni, 'light- ning,' Du. blaken, ' to flame.' AS. blascern, blacern, ' candlestick ' (see 93lafcr), and per- haps blanf (comp. further blerfen and 93li(f ).

j$Iodt, m., 'block, log, prison,' from MidHG. bloch, ' log, plant, a sort of trap.'

B!o

( 36 )

Boc

In the latter signification (to which Mid HG. bloclcen, * to put in prison,' is related) it represents OHG. bil6h (with syncopated i; see other similar examples under bei), * lock-up,' which belongs to an OTeut. str. vb. l&kan, * to lock ' (comp. further E. lock; see ?od)). The meaning ' log, plank ' (Mid HG. b'.och), is probably based on a different word, which is most likely related to 93alfm; even in OHG., bloh occurs. The cognates passed into Rom. (Fr. bloc, bloquer), whence again ModHG. blccftercn, E. to block.

bfdbe, adj., 'weak, dim-sighted, imbe- cile,' from MidHG. blocde, * infirm, weak, tender, timid,' OHG. bttdi, OSax. bim, 'timid.' Comp. AS. bledp, 'weak/ OIc. blaufrr ; Goth. *blauj?us, ' weak, powerless,' may be inferred from its deriv. wk. vb. Uaupjan, ' to render powerless, invalid, to abolish' According to the permutation of consonants, the pre-Teut. form of the adj. may have been bhl&utu-s, with the primary meaning * powerless, weak.' Yet the stem cannot be traced farther back. From this word Fr. Slouir, ' to dazzle/ is borrowed.

blofcett, vb., ' to bleat,' ModHG. simply, of LG. origin. Comp. LG. bloken, blelcen, MidDu. bloiken.

blonb, adj., ' blonde, fair,' from MidHG. blunt{d), 'fair,' which first appears when the Fr. influence began (about 1200 A.D.), and is undoubtedly of Fr. origin. Fr. blond, Ital. biondo, MidLat. blundus, give the im- pression that these words were borrowed from Teut., especially since other Tent. names of colours have been adopted by Rom. (comp. blau, btanf, braun). The earl ier periods of OTeut. have, however, no adj. blunda-. The connection of MidLat. and Rom. blundo with blinb (OIc. blunda) maybe possible (comp. Lith. pry-blinde, ' twilight'), especially as the meaning of the names of colours is variable.

blofj, adj., 'bare, destitute, mere,' from MidHG. bl6%. 'exposed, naked' ; it corre- sponds to MidLG. and MidDu. bloot, ' bare,' AS. bledt, 'poor, wretched' (OIc. blav.tr, ' soft, fresh, tender,' as well as OHG. M63, 'proud,' have a divergent meaning). On account of the UpQ. and LG. Mutt (dial.), Swed. blott, 'unfledged, uncovered, unclad,' the origin of Teut. blauto-, 'mere,' is dubi- ous. Perhaps btcfcc is a cognate.

blufcen, vb., 'to bloom, flower,' from the equiv. MidHG. bliien, blilejen, OHG. bluqjan; a wk. vb., which, however, judging by AS. bldivan (E. to blow), 'to bloom,'

w.is formerly strong ; Goth. Hldjan. The Teut. stem bid- has a wide ramification in particular dialects; the primary se: ' to bloom.' It is further apparent in many words for Sfatt ('leaf') and Slume ('flower1); see the following word, where the non- Teut cognates are discussed.

"JUfltmc, f., 'blossom, flower,' from Mid HG. b'uome, m., f., OHG. bluoma, f. (bluomo, m.) ; comp.. OSax. bl6mo, Goth. bl6ma, AS. bloma, E. bloom, -man- is a deriv. sullix ; the root bid (see Hufte") shows that SMttnie is lit. 'the blooming plant.' The follow* ing an; also Teut cognates of 5Mume : — Du. bloesem (besides bloem), AS. bldstm, blostma, E. blossom; perhaps their s be- longs, however, to the root ; this is indi- cated by MidDu. bloscn, 'to bloom,' which points to the close connection between E. blossom and Lat. flortre for *Jl6se-re, JlCs (flor-is for *Jlosis). A root bhl6 without this s appears in Olr. bldth, ' blossom,' K. dial, blooth, 'flower.' See further the fol- lowing word, also 35lute and 93fatt.

"gUltJI, m. (Suab. and Swiss, bhceSf, n.), from the equiv. MidHG. bluost, f., ' bio.— som'; Goth. *blos-ts is connected perhaps with the Aryan root bhl6s, 'to bloom,' pre- served in AS. U6s-tma, hut./lorere (for *Jlds- ere). See SBlume and 93lute.

j&Iuf, n., ' blood, race,' from the eqniv. MidHG. bluot, OHG. bluot, n. ; it corre- sponds regularly to Du. bloed, AS. b!6d, E. blood. An OTeut word meaning ' blood,' which is common to all the dialects ; comp. Goth, bldfra- (for *bl6da-). Pre-Teut. Uldto- does not appear in any cognate language with the same meaning. The Aryan lan- guages have no common word for blood. With respect to the Teut word, it is still undecided whether it belongs to a root bl6, 'to bloom.' Comp. also E. to bleed (for *blodjan). For 33lureo,ct see 3gc(. 2Mut; in compounds like btutjuno., bdttarm, has nothing to do with Slut, but is dial, with the meaning ' bare, naked ' ; UnG. and LG. blutt.

blufrtmfftfl, see runjluj.

bluff, see blobe.

"§\li\lc, f., 'blossom, bloom, prime,' from the plur. of the equiv. MidHG. bluot, plur. bliiete, OHG. bluot, plur. bluoti, f. ; Goth. *bl6J>s, AS. blid. See bluett, JBlume, SStufr, Slut, and Slatt.

"23od)er, Jew., 'youth, student,' from Hebr. back&r, 'youth.'

^ocft, m., 'buck, he-goat, ram,' from

Boc

( 37 )

Boh

the equiv. MidHG. bock (gen. bockes), OHG. boc, in. ; corresponds to Du. bole, AS. bucca, E. buck, OIc. bulckr and bultkr (Gotli. *bukks, *bid-ka, m.). Like so tnany name3 of ani- mals (comp. e.g. Slue, @cifj), 33ocf too may- have descended from primit. Aryan times ; comp. Olr. bode, from primit. Kelt, bucco-. Although it is not quite impossible tliat the whole Tent, class was borrowed from Kelt., yet it seems more probable, on account of Armen. buc, 'lamb,' and Zend biiza, 'he-goat' (Aryan primitive form bhuga), that it was only primit. akin to Kelt. Fr. bouc maybe derived from Tent or Kelt. Another OTeut. word (related to Lat. caper, Gr. ic&irpos) is preserved in ModllG. Jpabcrgetjj.— Serf, 'mistake,' Mod HG. only, seems to be a pun due to Mod HG. SScruofj, ' blunder.' The origin of the phrase ctueit ©erf fd)tejjen Cto commit a blunder') is not clear ; note, however, that etite Severe fcfytefjett is 'to fall head over heels.' — Sod (whence Fr. boc), for ©erfbtcv, which first occurs in ModHG., is an abbrev. of Giitborf (now (Simberfcr SMcr); comp. the origin of Skater.

■gjo&sbeitfel, m., 'old prejudice,' first occurs in ModHG., and connected instinc- tively by Germans with 23orf ; it is, how- ever, of LG. origin, bocks- representing